1 00:00:04,000 --> 00:00:08,000 LOU MANAGES A TRUST FUND POP LEFT US. 2 00:00:08,000 --> 00:00:10,000 GRANDPA WAS A GENEROUS MAN. 3 00:00:10,000 --> 00:00:13,000 GIVE ME MY MONEY. 4 00:00:13,000 --> 00:00:15,000 FOR US, WHEN WE TURNED 25. 5 00:00:15,000 --> 00:00:18,000 HE WAS A CHEAP OLD GOAT. 6 00:00:18,000 --> 00:00:20,000 BEHIND YOU! 7 00:00:20,000 --> 00:00:21,000 COMING THROUGH! 8 00:00:21,000 --> 00:00:23,000 LOOK AT THAT. 9 00:00:23,000 --> 00:00:24,000 THAT IS GREAT. 10 00:00:24,000 --> 00:00:26,000 DON'T TOUCH. 11 00:00:26,000 --> 00:00:28,000 THIS BRUNCH IS A REPLICA 12 00:00:28,000 --> 00:00:30,000 OF THE BRUNCH SERVED TO CHARLEMAGNE 13 00:00:30,000 --> 00:00:32,000 ON HIS CORONATION DAY. 14 00:00:32,000 --> 00:00:34,000 SO DON'T BUG ME. 15 00:00:34,000 --> 00:00:36,000 CHARLEMAGNE HAD A BRUNCH? 16 00:00:36,000 --> 00:00:38,000 IT WAS THE QUEEN'S IDEA. 17 00:00:38,000 --> 00:00:41,000 I PROMISED WINSTON THE FIRST TASTE. 18 00:00:41,000 --> 00:00:43,000 WINSTON IS COMING HERE? 19 00:00:43,000 --> 00:00:46,000 FACE IT. CLIFF'S FOUND HIMSELF A BEAU. 20 00:00:46,000 --> 00:00:49,000 A DISTINGUISD BEAU, I MIGHT ADD. 21 00:00:49,000 --> 00:00:52,000 IF YOU HAPPEN TO LIKE FLITS. 22 00:00:52,000 --> 00:00:54,000 LOVE THEM. LOVE FLITS. 23 00:00:54,000 --> 00:00:56,000 SHORT FLITS, TALL FLITS, 24 00:00:56,000 --> 00:00:58,000 FAT FLITS, ALL FLITS! 25 00:00:58,000 --> 00:00:59,000 STOP! 26 00:00:59,000 --> 00:01:01,000 HOLD IT. 27 00:01:01,000 --> 00:01:04,000 THREE CHEERS FOR THE BIRTHDAY BOY. 28 00:01:04,000 --> 00:01:05,000 HIP HIP HOORAY! 29 00:01:05,000 --> 00:01:07,000 HIP HIP HOORAY! 30 00:01:07,000 --> 00:01:10,000 HIP HIP HOORAY! 31 00:01:10,000 --> 00:01:12,000 ALL THIS IS FOR ME? 32 00:01:12,000 --> 00:01:15,000 HAPPY BIRTHDAY, CLIFF. 33 00:01:15,000 --> 00:01:18,000 DON'T BELIEVE WE'VE MET. 34 00:01:18,000 --> 00:01:19,000 I'M KELLHALL. 35 00:01:19,000 --> 00:01:21,000 WINSTON MARCH III. 36 00:01:21,000 --> 00:01:23,000 IT'S AN HONOR. 37 00:01:23,000 --> 00:01:26,000 HEY, SLIM. 38 00:01:26,000 --> 00:01:30,000 MY LITTLE BROTHER AIN'T ALWAYS BEEN A FLIT, 39 00:01:30,000 --> 00:01:35,000 SO YOU TREAT HIM WITH A MONOCLE OF RESPECT. 40 00:01:35,000 --> 00:01:37,000 I CERTAINLY HADN'T PLANNED-- 41 00:01:37,000 --> 00:01:41,000 KEEP YOUR HANDS WHERE I CAN ALWAYS SEE THEM. 42 00:01:41,000 --> 00:01:43,000 YOU BE A GENTLEMAN 43 00:01:43,000 --> 00:01:46,000 OR TREAT HIM LIKE A GENTLEMAN, 44 00:01:46,000 --> 00:01:49,000 HOWEVER YOU DECIDE WHOSE TURN IT IS. 45 00:01:49,000 --> 00:01:51,000 PLEASE, EVERYO, LET'S EAT. 46 00:01:51,000 --> 00:01:52,000 GOODDEA. 47 00:01:52,000 --> 00:01:54,000 HEY, LOU. 48 00:01:54,000 --> 00:01:57,000 25 NOW. YOU KNOW WHAT THAT MEANS? 49 00:01:57,000 --> 00:02:00,000 THIS BIRTHDAY KIND OF SURPRISED ME, 50 00:02:00,000 --> 00:02:03,000 IT BEING SO CLOSE TO CHRISTMAS. 51 00:02:03,000 --> 00:02:06,000 IT'S THE MIDDLE OF THE SUMMER. 52 00:02:06,000 --> 00:02:10,000 YOU'LL GET THAT MONEY BEFORE YOU CAN SING 53 00:02:10,000 --> 00:02:12,000 FROSTY THE RED-NOSED SNOW CONE. 54 00:02:12,000 --> 00:02:17,000 I HAVE BIG PLANS FOR THAT MONEY. 55 00:02:17,000 --> 00:02:19,000 CLIFF, THIS IS FOR YOU. 56 00:02:19,000 --> 00:02:23,000 $100 WORTH OF GIFT CERTIFICATES FOR BURGER KING. 57 00:02:23,000 --> 00:02:27,000 YOU KNOW HOW MUCH I LOVE BURGER KING. 58 00:02:27,000 --> 00:02:31,000 THIS IS ADDRESSED TO PENNSYLVANIA MEAT AND LARD COMPANY. 59 00:02:31,000 --> 00:02:34,000 WHAT DID YOU BUY--LOU? 60 00:02:34,000 --> 00:02:39,000 I MUST HAVE GOTTEN THE ENVELOPES AND CHECKS MIXED UP. 61 00:02:39,000 --> 00:02:41,000 I'LL WRITE A NEW ONE. 62 00:02:41,000 --> 00:02:43,000 MY GRANDDADDY OWNED THAT. 63 00:02:43,000 --> 00:02:45,000 PENNYSYLVANIA MEAT AND LARD? 64 00:02:45,000 --> 00:02:47,000 PENNSYLVANIA. 65 00:02:47,000 --> 00:02:49,000 CLIFF! 66 00:02:49,000 --> 00:02:50,000 YEAH? 67 00:02:50,000 --> 00:02:51,000 HAPPY BIRTHDAY, CLIFF. 68 00:02:51,000 --> 00:02:54,000 THIS IS FROM BOTH OF US. 69 00:02:54,000 --> 00:02:56,000 AW, KEL, PEN. 70 00:02:56,000 --> 00:03:01,000 WE CHIPPED IN BECAUSE WE'RE BOTH POOR. 71 00:03:01,000 --> 00:03:04,000 THREE TICKETS TO THE SPRINGSTEEN CONCERT. 72 00:03:04,000 --> 00:03:09,000 WE'D LOVE TO GO. WE'D LOVE TO GO. 73 00:03:12,000 --> 00:03:13,000 IT'S A DATE. 74 00:03:13,000 --> 00:03:15,000 HEY, CLIFFIE! 75 00:03:15,000 --> 00:03:17,000 YEAH, LOU? 76 00:03:17,000 --> 00:03:22,000 I FEEL REAL BAD I DIDN'T GET YOU NO PRESENT. 77 00:03:22,000 --> 00:03:24,000 YOU WANT THESE? 78 00:03:24,000 --> 00:03:28,000 YOU DON'T HAVE TO GIVE ME YOUR SHOES. 79 00:03:28,000 --> 00:03:30,000 I'LL MAKE YOU PROUD 80 00:03:30,000 --> 00:03:35,000 WHEN YOU SEE MY PLANS FOR THATRUST FUND. 81 00:03:35,000 --> 00:03:37,000 YOU GOT BIG PLANS? 82 00:03:37,000 --> 00:03:42,000 THE BIGGEST. 83 00:03:54,000 --> 00:03:59,000 IT'S HARD TO BELIEVE HOW FAST OUR LITTLE BROTHER GROWED UP. 84 00:04:00,000 --> 00:04:02,000 YEAH, HE'S A GOOD KID. 85 00:04:02,000 --> 00:04:07,000 I'LL ALWAYS REMEMBER WHAT POP SAID THE DAY THEY BROUGHT HIM HOME. 86 00:04:08,000 --> 00:04:11,000 "LOU, THIS HERE'S YOUR BABY BROTHER CLIFFIE. 87 00:04:11,000 --> 00:04:16,000 DON'T SIT ON HIM." 88 00:04:18,000 --> 00:04:20,000 I MUST BE GETTING OLD. 89 00:04:20,000 --> 00:04:22,000 1960 SEEMS LIKE YESTERDAY. 90 00:04:22,000 --> 00:04:25,000 WHAT'S THAT TRUST WORTH NOW ANYWAY? 91 00:04:25,000 --> 00:04:28,000 1960. REMEMBER THE PIRATES-YANKEES? 92 00:04:28,000 --> 00:04:31,000 YOU KIDDING? MAZEROSKI IN THE NINTH. 93 00:04:31,000 --> 00:04:32,000 WHAT ABOUT THE TRUST? 94 00:04:32,000 --> 00:04:35,000 WOW. 1960! 95 00:04:35,000 --> 00:04:38,000 GOLLY GEE WHIZ. 96 00:04:38,000 --> 00:04:39,000 THE TRUST, LOU. 97 00:04:39,000 --> 00:04:44,000 CHAIN GANG WAS THE NUMBER ONE SONG. 98 00:04:44,000 --> 00:04:49,000 AND LUCY GAVE DESI HIS WALKING PAPERS. 99 00:04:49,000 --> 00:04:51,000 WHERE'S THE TRUST, LOU? 100 00:04:51,000 --> 00:04:53,000 POPE JOHN XXIII. 101 00:04:53,000 --> 00:04:56,000 MET WITH THE ARCHBISHOP OF CANTERBURY 102 00:04:56,000 --> 00:05:00,000 FIRST TIME SINCE THE CATHOLIC ANGLICAN SPLIT IN 1534. 103 00:05:00,000 --> 00:05:04,000 WHERE'S THE MONEY? 104 00:05:04,000 --> 00:05:08,000 I SPENT IT. 105 00:05:08,000 --> 00:05:10,000 YOU DID WHAT? 106 00:05:10,000 --> 00:05:13,000 I KNOW IT WAS A TERRIBLE THING. 107 00:05:13,000 --> 00:05:15,000 I DON'T WANT TO HEAR IT. 108 00:05:15,000 --> 00:05:18,000 THAT WAS CLIFF'S MONEY FROM POP. 109 00:05:18,000 --> 00:05:21,000 YOU HAD NO RIGHT TO DO THAT. 110 00:05:21,000 --> 00:05:26,000 IT AIN'T SOMETHING I DONE FOR THE FUN OF IT. 111 00:05:26,000 --> 00:05:29,000 WHEN DID YOU TAKE THE MONEY? 112 00:05:29,000 --> 00:05:32,000 THE DAY AFTER HE WAS BORN. 113 00:05:32,000 --> 00:05:33,000 WONDERFUL. 114 00:05:33,000 --> 00:05:37,000 I THOUGHT I'D BE ABLE TO REPLACE IT 115 00:05:37,000 --> 00:05:40,000 BEFORE THE BIG 25 COME AROUND. 116 00:05:40,000 --> 00:05:44,000 BUT HERE IT IS 1980 SOMETHING OR OTHER... 117 00:05:44,000 --> 00:05:48,000 I AIN'T GOT TWO NICKELS TO RUB TOGETHER. 118 00:05:48,000 --> 00:05:50,000 GO TELL CLIFF THE TRUTH 119 00:05:50,000 --> 00:05:54,000 BEFORE HE MAKES MORE PLANS FOR THAT MONEY. 120 00:05:54,000 --> 00:05:56,000 THAT'S GOING TO RUIN HIS BIRTHDAY. 121 00:05:56,000 --> 00:06:01,000 LOU. 122 00:06:06,000 --> 00:06:07,000 A GOLD WATCH. 123 00:06:07,000 --> 00:06:09,000 WINSTON, YOU SHOULDN'T HAVE. 124 00:06:09,000 --> 00:06:12,000 IT'S JUST A LITTLE SOMETHING. 125 00:06:12,000 --> 00:06:16,000 GO AHEAD. READ THE INSCRIPTION. 126 00:06:16,000 --> 00:06:21,000 "CLIFF, HERE IS A WATCH. WINSTON." 127 00:06:23,000 --> 00:06:24,000 THANK YOU, WINSTON. 128 00:06:24,000 --> 00:06:27,000 OH, THAT IS SO BEAUTIFUL. 129 00:06:27,000 --> 00:06:30,000 WHY ARE ALL THE GOOD ONES-- 130 00:06:30,000 --> 00:06:33,000 HOMOS? 131 00:06:33,000 --> 00:06:37,000 YOU WERE GOING TO SAY HOMOS, WEREN'T YOU? 132 00:06:37,000 --> 00:06:40,000 YEAH. 133 00:06:40,000 --> 00:06:42,000 YOU GOING TO TELL HIM? 134 00:06:42,000 --> 00:06:43,000 SURE. 135 00:06:43,000 --> 00:06:45,000 YOU BETTER. 136 00:06:45,000 --> 00:06:46,000 I'LL TELL HIM. 137 00:06:46,000 --> 00:06:51,000 CLIFF, LOU HAS SOMETHING HE WANTS TO TELL YOU. 138 00:06:51,000 --> 00:06:53,000 JOE'S NUTS. 139 00:06:53,000 --> 00:06:57,000 YOU'RE INVITED TO ANOTHER PARTY AT MY HOME TONIGHT. 140 00:06:57,000 --> 00:06:59,000  WINSTON, THAT ISN'T NECESSARY. 141 00:06:59,000 --> 00:07:04,000 IT'S TIME YOU MET MOTHER. 142 00:07:04,000 --> 00:07:05,000 MOTHER? 143 00:07:05,000 --> 00:07:08,000 THAT'S WHAT HE CALLS HIS MOTHER. 144 00:07:08,000 --> 00:07:11,000 MOTHER JUST LOVES A GOOD PARTY. 145 00:07:11,000 --> 00:07:16,000 HEY, LET'S GET NAKED AND MAKE A PILE. 146 00:07:20,000 --> 00:07:23,000 SO I'LL EXPECT EVERYONE AT 8:00? 147 00:07:23,000 --> 00:07:24,000  WINSTON-- 148 00:07:24,000 --> 00:07:26,000 SURE. THANK YOU. 149 00:07:26,000 --> 00:07:29,000 WHAT TIME YOU WANT US TO COME? 150 00:07:29,000 --> 00:07:30,000 LOU. 151 00:07:30,000 --> 00:07:34,000 I TRIED TO TELL HIM. 152 00:07:34,000 --> 00:07:35,000 GOLD WATCH? 153 00:07:35,000 --> 00:07:37,000 MEETING MOTHER? 154 00:07:37,000 --> 00:07:41,000 DO I SENSE A BACHELOR PARTY IN OUR FUTURE? 155 00:07:41,000 --> 00:07:45,000 DONALD, YOU'RE WAY OFF BASE WITH THIS ONE. 156 00:07:45,000 --> 00:07:48,000 I SAW THAT LOOK IN WINSTON'S EYE. 157 00:07:48,000 --> 00:07:51,000 IT SAID, "WHEN YOU SMILED AT ME, 158 00:07:51,000 --> 00:07:53,000 "I HEARD A MELODY. 159 00:07:53,000 --> 00:07:56,000 ZING WENT THE STRINGS OF MY HEART." 160 00:07:56,000 --> 00:08:01,000 AM I RIGHT? 161 00:08:01,000 --> 00:08:03,000 HE'S IN LOVE WITH ME. 162 00:08:03,000 --> 00:08:07,000 AND YOU? 163 00:08:07,000 --> 00:08:08,000 I LIKE HIM. 164 00:08:08,000 --> 00:08:11,000 I LIKE HIM A LOT. 165 00:08:11,000 --> 00:08:15,000 BUT HE'S STARTING TO BUY ME GIFTS AND THROWING PARTIES. 166 00:08:15,000 --> 00:08:18,000 DONALD, HE'S TALKING ABOUT OUR LIVES TOGETHER. 167 00:08:18,000 --> 00:08:20,000 CLIFF, RELATIONSHIPS GROW. 168 00:08:20,000 --> 00:08:22,000 WINSTON'S OFFERING BIG THINGS NOW 169 00:08:22,000 --> 00:08:25,000 BECAUSE HE EXPECTS BIG THINGS IN THE FUTURE. 170 00:08:25,000 --> 00:08:29,000 YEAH. 171 00:08:29,000 --> 00:08:33,000 BUT WHAT IF I CAN'T RETURN A BIG THING? 172 00:08:33,000 --> 00:08:38,000 TURN OUT THE LIGHTS. 173 00:08:56,000 --> 00:08:58,000 DO YOU BELIEVE THIS PLACE? 174 00:08:58,000 --> 00:09:03,000 I THINK I'VE DIED AND BECOME A REPUBLICAN. 175 00:09:06,000 --> 00:09:09,000 ON BEHALF OF THE MARCH FAMILY, 176 00:09:09,000 --> 00:09:12,000 I WELCOME YOU TO LION'S HEAD. 177 00:09:12,000 --> 00:09:14,000 ON BEHALF OF OUR LITTLE GROUP, 178 00:09:14,000 --> 00:09:16,000 I THANK YOU. 179 00:09:16,000 --> 00:09:21,000 OH, GOD, YET ANOTHER FLIT. 180 00:09:22,000 --> 00:09:24,000 MAY I TAKE YOUR COAT? 181 00:09:24,000 --> 00:09:27,000 NO, I'LL KEEP IT ON. 182 00:09:27,000 --> 00:09:32,000 MAY I FIND SOMETHING TO COVER IT UP? 183 00:09:45,000 --> 00:09:49,000 WILL YOU TRY TO ACT LIKE A HUMAN BEING? 184 00:09:49,000 --> 00:09:50,000 JOEY, JOEY, JOEY. 185 00:09:50,000 --> 00:09:54,000 THIS HERE'S THE GOOSE THAT LAID THE GOLDEN DUCK. 186 00:09:54,000 --> 00:09:57,000 DON'T YOU SEE THAT CLIFFIE'S HOOKED UP 187 00:09:57,000 --> 00:09:59,000 WITH A FAIRY TALE FORTUNE? 188 00:09:59,000 --> 00:10:02,000 HE DON'T NEED THE TRUST MONEY. 189 00:10:02,000 --> 00:10:03,000 I'M OFF THE HOOK. 190 00:10:03,000 --> 00:10:07,000 EVEN IF CLIFF WAS WORTH A ZILLION DOLLARS, 191 00:10:07,000 --> 00:10:09,000 YOU'D STILL OWE HIM AN EXPLANATION. 192 00:10:09,000 --> 00:10:12,000 BESIDES, CLIFFIE DOESN'T LOVE THIS GUY. 193 00:10:12,000 --> 00:10:14,000 DID CLIFFIE TELL YOU THAT? 194 00:10:14,000 --> 00:10:17,000 YEAH. HE'S TELLING HIM IT'S OVER TONIGHT. 195 00:10:17,000 --> 00:10:21,000 NOW I GOT TO SWITCH TO PLAN TWO. 196 00:10:21,000 --> 00:10:24,000 WHAT'S PLAN TWO? 197 00:10:24,000 --> 00:10:27,000 I'M SO GLAD YOU ALL COULD MAKE IT. 198 00:10:27,000 --> 00:10:31,000 MOTHER WILL BE DOWN MOMENTARILY. 199 00:10:31,000 --> 00:10:32,000 WHAT'S THIS? 200 00:10:32,000 --> 00:10:37,000 IT'S MY WAY OF SAYING I CARE. 201 00:10:47,000 --> 00:10:50,000 YOU CAN'T KEEP THAT, YOU KNOW. 202 00:10:50,000 --> 00:10:54,000 YEAH, I KNOW. 203 00:10:54,000 --> 00:10:57,000 SEON BOX SEATS TO THE PHILLIES. 204 00:10:57,000 --> 00:11:02,000 YOU DON'T WANT TO INSULT THE GUY EITHER. 205 00:11:05,000 --> 00:11:06,000 LADIES AND GENTLEMEN, 206 00:11:06,000 --> 00:11:10,000 LION'S HEAD IN CONJUNCTION WITH THE APOLLO THEATER 207 00:11:10,000 --> 00:11:15,000 IS PROUD TO PRESENT MADAM ZELDA MARCH. 208 00:11:15,000 --> 00:11:20,000 SHE MAKES ME SAY THAT. 209 00:11:20,000 --> 00:11:24,000 THANK YOU, BARNES. 210 00:11:24,000 --> 00:11:28,000 CLIFFORD, I'D LIKE YOU TO MEET MOTHER. 211 00:11:28,000 --> 00:11:31,000 CLIFFORD, STEALER OF MY YOUNG BOY'S HEART. 212 00:11:31,000 --> 00:11:33,000 MOTHER, THESE ARE HIS FRIENDS. 213 00:11:33,000 --> 00:11:37,000 HELLO. HELLO. HELLO. 214 00:11:37,000 --> 00:11:39,000 WELCOME! 215 00:11:39,000 --> 00:11:41,000 STAND BACK, JOE, 216 00:11:41,000 --> 00:11:46,000 SHE'S ALL MINE. 217 00:11:50,000 --> 00:11:55,000 YOU ARE GOING TO BURY ME. 218 00:11:55,000 --> 00:11:59,000 THAT IS PLAN TWO. 219 00:11:59,000 --> 00:12:03,000 OH, MY GOD. 220 00:12:03,000 --> 00:12:06,000 MAY I SAY IT IS A PLEASURE, 221 00:12:06,000 --> 00:12:09,000 AND YOU ARE EXCEPTIONALLY WELL-PRESERVED 222 00:12:09,000 --> 00:12:12,000 FOR AN OLD BROAD. 223 00:12:12,000 --> 00:12:13,000 OH... 224 00:12:13,000 --> 00:12:15,000 OH! 225 00:12:15,000 --> 00:12:17,000 WHAT WAS THAT? 226 00:12:17,000 --> 00:12:19,000 THAT WAS A LITTLE SOMETHING 227 00:12:19,000 --> 00:12:21,000 I PICKED UP IN EUROPE. 228 00:12:21,000 --> 00:12:23,000 TELL ME, ZEL, 229 00:12:23,000 --> 00:12:25,000 IS THERE A MR. MARCH, 230 00:12:25,000 --> 00:12:27,000 OR IS HE OUTSIDE SHOOTING HOOPS? 231 00:12:27,000 --> 00:12:30,000 HE'S NO LONGER WITH US. 232 00:12:30,000 --> 00:12:31,000  OH, CALDEFARGE. 233 00:12:31,000 --> 00:12:34,000 SUCH A HANDSOME COUPLE, AREN'T THEY? 234 00:12:34,000 --> 00:12:36,000 THAT THEY ARE. 235 00:12:36,000 --> 00:12:37,000 THAT THEY ARE. 236 00:12:37,000 --> 00:12:39,000 I'VE ALWAYS BEEN VERY SUPPORTIVE 237 00:12:39,000 --> 00:12:41,000 OF YOUNG WINSTON'S HOMOSEXUALITY. 238 00:12:41,000 --> 00:12:46,000 ONCE I EVEN BOUGHT HIM HIS OWN GLEE CLUB. 239 00:12:49,000 --> 00:12:51,000 I MUST SAY THAT AT FIRST, 240 00:12:51,000 --> 00:12:53,000 I WAS PARTICULARLY WELL-ENDOWED 241 00:12:53,000 --> 00:12:57,000 WITH YOUNG CLIFFORD'S HOMO SAPIEA. 242 00:12:57,000 --> 00:12:59,000 BUT... 243 00:12:59,000 --> 00:13:01,000 IN TODAY'S TROUBLED WORLD 244 00:13:01,000 --> 00:13:03,000 LOVE IS SO RARE, 245 00:13:03,000 --> 00:13:06,000 I SAY, IF THEY ARE HAPPY, 246 00:13:06,000 --> 00:13:11,000 MORE MONEY TO THEM. 247 00:13:11,000 --> 00:13:13,000 ZEL, COME WITH ME. 248 00:13:13,000 --> 00:13:16,000 I'D LIKE TO TELL YOU A STORY 249 00:13:16,000 --> 00:13:19,000 ABOUT A FELLOW NAMED CRUEL DAVE. 250 00:13:19,000 --> 00:13:24,000 A DIAMOND TIE TACK FOR YOUR THOUGHTS. 251 00:13:27,000 --> 00:13:31,000 I LOVE MONEY. 252 00:13:31,000 --> 00:13:34,000 WHAT IS IT WITH YOUR GENERATION? 253 00:13:34,000 --> 00:13:37,000 WHEN I GREW UP, WE CARED ABOUT ISSUES. 254 00:13:37,000 --> 00:13:39,000 I CARE ABOUT THOSE THINGS. 255 00:13:39,000 --> 00:13:44,000 I PREFER TO CARE ABOUT THEM SITTING IN A PORSCHE. 256 00:13:44,000 --> 00:13:48,000 EXCUSE ME A MINUTE. 257 00:13:48,000 --> 00:13:51,000 JOE, THIS THING'S GETTING WORSE. 258 00:13:51,000 --> 00:13:53,000 FIRST THE WATCH, THEN THE TICKETS, 259 00:13:53,000 --> 00:13:55,000 NOW DIAMONDS. 260 00:13:55,000 --> 00:13:58,000 OH, PLEASE. OH, PLEASE. 261 00:13:58,000 --> 00:14:01,000 CAN I TALK TO YOU A SECOND? 262 00:14:01,000 --> 00:14:05,000 SURE, CLIFF. 263 00:14:05,000 --> 00:14:09,000 ZEL, I KNOW THAT WE HAVE JUST MET, 264 00:14:09,000 --> 00:14:14,000 BUT THESE LAST EIGHT OR NINE MINUTES HAVE BEEN LIKE MAGIC. 265 00:14:15,000 --> 00:14:20,000 I LOVE YOU, YOU BIG GORILLA. 266 00:14:20,000 --> 00:14:23,000 WILL YOU MARRY ME? 267 00:14:23,000 --> 00:14:28,000 OH, LOU, YOU DIRTY PIG. 268 00:14:30,000 --> 00:14:32,000 LOU. 269 00:14:32,000 --> 00:14:34,000 I'M WEARING HER DOWN. 270 00:14:34,000 --> 00:14:36,000 STOP THINKING ABOUT YOURSELF 271 00:14:36,000 --> 00:14:39,000 AND START WORRYING ABOUT YOUR BROTHER. 272 00:14:39,000 --> 00:14:41,000 I'M DOING THIS FOR HIM. 273 00:14:41,000 --> 00:14:46,000 IF I MARRIED ZELDA, MY WIFE WOULD LEAVE ME. 274 00:14:46,000 --> 00:14:48,000 WHAT'S HE TALKING ABOUT? 275 00:14:48,000 --> 00:14:53,000 CLIFFIE, I WANT YOU TO MARRY THIS GUY. 276 00:14:54,000 --> 00:14:57,000 I CAN'T BELIEVE YOU'RE ACCEPTING MY HOMOSEXUALITY. 277 00:14:57,000 --> 00:15:00,000 I DON'T WANT YOU TO DO NOTHING. 278 00:15:00,000 --> 00:15:02,000 JUST LIVE TOGETHER WITHOUT SEX 279 00:15:02,000 --> 00:15:05,000 LIKE A NORMAL MARRIED COUPLE. 280 00:15:05,000 --> 00:15:10,000 THEN I WANT YOU TO FILE ONE OF THEM FAGIMONY SUITS. 281 00:15:10,000 --> 00:15:13,000 BING BANG, SEE YOU LATER, SWEET POTATO. 282 00:15:13,000 --> 00:15:15,000 THANK YOU, DR. RUTH. 283 00:15:15,000 --> 00:15:17,000 WHAT IS IT WITH YOU? 284 00:15:17,000 --> 00:15:20,000 FIRST YOU SPEND HIS TRUST FUND, 285 00:15:20,000 --> 00:15:23,000 THEN YOU PUSH HIM INTO A RELATIONSHIP. 286 00:15:23,000 --> 00:15:26,000 HOW CAN YOU DO THAT TO YOUR BROTHER? 287 00:15:26,000 --> 00:15:30,000 I LOVE HIM. 288 00:15:30,000 --> 00:15:35,000 ZELDA! 289 00:15:36,000 --> 00:15:41,000 A FRUIT CUP FOR THE FRUITCAKE? 290 00:15:41,000 --> 00:15:45,000 THAT WASN'T A VERY POLITE THING TO SAY. 291 00:15:45,000 --> 00:15:47,000 YOU'RE RIGHT. 292 00:15:47,000 --> 00:15:51,000 A FRUIT CUP FOR THE FRUITCAKE, SIR? 293 00:15:51,000 --> 00:15:53,000 OH, PLEASE, BARNES. 294 00:15:53,000 --> 00:15:56,000 YOU DON'T HAVE TO PRETEND ANYMORE. 295 00:15:56,000 --> 00:15:57,000 I BEG YOUR PARDON? 296 00:15:57,000 --> 00:16:01,000 KELLY, PENNY, BARNES AND I HAVE BEEN LOVERS 297 00:16:01,000 --> 00:16:04,000 SINCE WE TOUCHED NOSES AT THE VELVET SPIKE. 298 00:16:04,000 --> 00:16:06,000 THE VELVET WHAT? 299 00:16:06,000 --> 00:16:09,000 DONALD, I'M SO HAPPY FOR YOU BOTH. 300 00:16:09,000 --> 00:16:11,000 EVERYBODY, DID YOU HEAR? 301 00:16:11,000 --> 00:16:14,000 DONALD AND BARNES ARE AN ITEM. 302 00:16:14,000 --> 00:16:16,000 LIES, LIES. 303 00:16:16,000 --> 00:16:17,000 I'M STRAIGHT. 304 00:16:17,000 --> 00:16:19,000 I'M BUTCH. 305 00:16:19,000 --> 00:16:24,000 I HUNT. 306 00:16:31,000 --> 00:16:33,000 HAVE YOU SEEN WINSTON? 307 00:16:33,000 --> 00:16:38,000 MAYBE HE'S BUYING YOU A MOOD RING. 308 00:16:38,000 --> 00:16:41,000 DONALD, I DON'T KNOW WHAT TO DO. 309 00:16:41,000 --> 00:16:43,000 FIRST, WE WERE BUDDIES. 310 00:16:43,000 --> 00:16:46,000 THEN HE STARTED BUYING DINNER. 311 00:16:46,000 --> 00:16:48,000 NEXT CAME FLOWERS, GIFTS. 312 00:16:48,000 --> 00:16:51,000 NOW HE'S IN LOVE WITH ME. 313 00:16:51,000 --> 00:16:55,000 THAT HAPPENED TO ME WITH THE AIR FORCE. 314 00:16:55,000 --> 00:16:59,000 RIGHT WHEN I'M READY TO ADMIT BEING GAY 315 00:16:59,000 --> 00:17:02,000 AND SOMEONE CAN HELP PROVE IT, 316 00:17:02,000 --> 00:17:03,000 I FOLD UP. 317 00:17:03,000 --> 00:17:08,000 SO YOU FEEL LIKE YOU'VE FAILED FAGGOTRY 101. 318 00:17:08,000 --> 00:17:11,000 I FEEL LIKE I'M LIVING A LIE. 319 00:17:11,000 --> 00:17:13,000 DO YOU LOVE HIM? 320 00:17:13,000 --> 00:17:14,000 NO. 321 00:17:14,000 --> 00:17:16,000 THERE'S YOUR ANSWER. 322 00:17:16,000 --> 00:17:17,000 BUT HE'S PERFECT. 323 00:17:17,000 --> 00:17:19,000 YOU DON'T LOVE HIM. 324 00:17:19,000 --> 00:17:22,000 NO! WELL, SHOULDN'T I WANT TO? 325 00:17:22,000 --> 00:17:26,000 WHO AM I? JOYCE BROTHERS? 326 00:17:26,000 --> 00:17:27,000 YOU'RE FEELING GUILTY 327 00:17:27,000 --> 00:17:31,000 BECAUSE YOU DON'T WANT TO LOSE A FRIEND. 328 00:17:31,000 --> 00:17:34,000 IT CAN'T BE LIKE IT WAS 329 00:17:34,000 --> 00:17:39,000 BECAUSE WITH HIM, IT WAS NEVER THAT WAY. 330 00:17:42,000 --> 00:17:45,000 YOU STILL RESPECT ME? 331 00:17:45,000 --> 00:17:48,000 STILL THINK I'M A GOOD HOMOSEXUAL? 332 00:17:48,000 --> 00:17:52,000 I WON'T ENTER YOU IN THE STATE FAIR. 333 00:17:52,000 --> 00:17:54,000 YOU'RE A WONDERFUL HOMOSEXUAL, 334 00:17:54,000 --> 00:17:57,000 BUT TELL HIM THE TRUTH. 335 00:17:57,000 --> 00:17:59,000 IT WON'T BE SO HARD. 336 00:17:59,000 --> 00:18:01,000 THANK YOU, DONALD. 337 00:18:01,000 --> 00:18:06,000 MOTHER AND I ARE BUYINGOU AN ELEPNT 338 00:18:07,000 --> 00:18:09,000 NO. I WANT TO. 339 00:18:09,000 --> 00:18:10,000 UH... 340 00:18:10,000 --> 00:18:15,000 WINSTON, IT'S TIME YOU AND I HAD A TALK. 341 00:18:21,000 --> 00:18:26,000 CLIFFIE, DON'T SPLIT UP WITH HIM, PLEASE! 342 00:18:27,000 --> 00:18:31,000 HE'LL BREAK THE LITTLE FAGGOT'S HEART, RIGHT? 343 00:18:31,000 --> 00:18:33,000 I'M AFRAID SO. 344 00:18:33,000 --> 00:18:36,000 GOOD. NOW GET OUT, ALL OF YOU. 345 00:18:36,000 --> 00:18:38,000 SHOO-SHOO! 346 00:18:38,000 --> 00:18:39,000 THE PARTY'S OVER. 347 00:18:39,000 --> 00:18:41,000 TAKE YOUR MEMORIES, 348 00:18:41,000 --> 00:18:46,000 AND SHARE THEM WITH ZEKE IN A TRUCK STOP. 349 00:18:47,000 --> 00:18:52,000 CALL ME. 350 00:19:05,000 --> 00:19:08,000 JOE, COULD WE BE ALONE? 351 00:19:08,000 --> 00:19:09,000 WE ARE ALONE. 352 00:19:09,000 --> 00:19:14,000 I MEAN, I THINK I SHOULD HAVE A TALK WITH CLIFFIE. 353 00:19:16,000 --> 00:19:18,000 SURE. 354 00:19:18,000 --> 00:19:21,000 NOT FAR, OK? 355 00:19:21,000 --> 00:19:26,000 I'M PROUD OF YOU. 356 00:19:26,000 --> 00:19:28,000 HEY, CLIFFIE. 357 00:19:28,000 --> 00:19:33,000 YEAH, LOU. 358 00:19:33,000 --> 00:19:35,000 LOU, ARE YOU CRYING? 359 00:19:35,000 --> 00:19:36,000 NO. 360 00:19:36,000 --> 00:19:38,000 WHY ARE YOU CRYING? 361 00:19:38,000 --> 00:19:41,000 BECAUSE YOU BROKE UP WITH HIM. 362 00:19:41,000 --> 00:19:43,000 WE'LL STILL BE FRIENDS. 363 00:19:43,000 --> 00:19:47,000 YEAH, BUT YOU AND ME AIN'T. 364 00:19:47,000 --> 00:19:52,000 WHAT ARE YOU TALKING ABOUT? 365 00:19:54,000 --> 00:19:56,000 YOU CAN TELL ME. 366 00:19:56,000 --> 00:19:58,000 I'M YOUR BROTHER. 367 00:19:58,000 --> 00:19:59,000 TRUST ME. 368 00:19:59,000 --> 00:20:04,000 THAT THERE'S THE HEART OF OUR PROBLEM, CLIFFIE-- 369 00:20:04,000 --> 00:20:07,000 YOUR TRUST. 370 00:20:07,000 --> 00:20:12,000 I WENT AND SPENT THE MONEY. 371 00:20:12,000 --> 00:20:13,000 YOU DID WHAT? 372 00:20:13,000 --> 00:20:16,000 IT SEEMED LIKE SU THING 373 00:20:16,000 --> 00:20:19,000 THIS NEW BUILDING WAS GOING UP, 374 00:20:19,000 --> 00:20:24,000 FULL OF HUNGRY PEOPLE, AND MY HOT DOG STAND IN FRONT. 375 00:20:25,000 --> 00:20:30,000 HOW COULD I KNOW IT WOULD BE A HOWARD JOHNSON'S? 376 00:20:33,000 --> 00:20:36,000 OH, LOU. 377 00:20:36,000 --> 00:20:39,000 I DIDN'T DO IT FOR ME. 378 00:20:39,000 --> 00:20:42,000 I DONE IT FOR YOU. 379 00:20:42,000 --> 00:20:47,000 YOU SEE, WHEN MA AND POP BROUGHT YOU HOME... 380 00:20:49,000 --> 00:20:54,000 I LOOKED AND I SEEN SOMEONE THAT WAS... 381 00:20:54,000 --> 00:20:57,000 BEAUTIFUL AND STRONG. 382 00:20:57,000 --> 00:21:00,000 THEN I LOOKED AT MA AND POP, 383 00:21:00,000 --> 00:21:05,000 AND THEY... THEY LOOKED TIRED, 384 00:21:05,000 --> 00:21:07,000 REAL TIRED, CLIFFIE. 385 00:21:07,000 --> 00:21:10,000 AND I DIDN'T SAY IT THEN, 386 00:21:10,000 --> 00:21:15,000 BUT I HAD A FEELING THAT THEIR BABY BOY 387 00:21:15,000 --> 00:21:19,000 WOULD BE ONE OF THEIR LAST CELEBRATIONS 388 00:21:19,000 --> 00:21:24,000 OF A PROUD LIFE. 389 00:21:24,000 --> 00:21:29,000 I TOOK YOUR MONEY TO MAKE YOU RICH. 390 00:21:30,000 --> 00:21:32,000 IT WAS ALL FOR YOU. 391 00:21:32,000 --> 00:21:34,000 IT WAS YOUR... 392 00:21:34,000 --> 00:21:39,000 IT WAS YOUR ONE BIG SHOT AT HAPPINESS. 393 00:21:40,000 --> 00:21:41,000 LOU. 394 00:21:41,000 --> 00:21:44,000 I DON'T NEED MONEY TO BE HAPPY. 395 00:21:44,000 --> 00:21:46,000 LOOK AT WINSTON. 396 00:21:46,000 --> 00:21:50,000 HE COULDN'T BUY THE HAPPINESS WE HAVE. 397 00:21:50,000 --> 00:21:53,000 YOU'RE TRYING TO MAKE ME FEEL BETTER. 398 00:21:53,000 --> 00:21:56,000 YOU HAD BIG PLANS FOR THAT MONEY. 399 00:21:56,000 --> 00:21:59,000 WELL, DON'T WORRY ABOUT IT. 400 00:21:59,000 --> 00:22:01,000 DON'T WORRY ABOUT IT? 401 00:22:01,000 --> 00:22:04,000 YOU BET I'LL WORRY ABOUT IT. 402 00:22:04,000 --> 00:22:08,000 I'LL MAKE IT ALL UP TO YOU. 403 00:22:08,000 --> 00:22:11,000 I MEAN, BIG PLANS IS BIG PLANS. 404 00:22:11,000 --> 00:22:16,000 LOU. 405 00:22:16,000 --> 00:22:20,000 THAT MONEY WAS FOR A DOWN PAYMENT ON A VAN, 406 00:22:20,000 --> 00:22:22,000 A SET OF TOOLS, 407 00:22:22,000 --> 00:22:27,000 SO YOU COULD START YOUR OWN HANDYMAN BUSINESS. 408 00:22:29,000 --> 00:22:31,000 WHAT? 409 00:22:31,000 --> 00:22:34,000 VALL YOUR LIFE, YOU TOOK ORDERS. 410 00:22:34,000 --> 00:22:38,000 I FIGURED YOU'D LIKE BEING YOUR OWN BOSS. 411 00:22:38,000 --> 00:22:42,000 IT'S MY WAY OF SAYING... 412 00:22:42,000 --> 00:22:47,000 THANKS FOR RAISING ME. 413 00:22:49,000 --> 00:22:54,000 YOU WOULD DO THAT FOR ME? 414 00:22:54,000 --> 00:22:58,000 I COULD JUST KICK MYSELF. 415 00:22:58,000 --> 00:23:00,000 DON'T WORRY, LOU. 416 00:23:00,000 --> 00:23:03,000 WE'LL GET IT STARTED SOMEDAY. I PROMISE. 417 00:23:03,000 --> 00:23:05,000 YOU BET WE WILL. 418 00:23:05,000 --> 00:23:09,000 I'VE BEEN WRONG ABOUT LOTS OF THINGS, 419 00:23:09,000 --> 00:23:13,000 BUT THERE'S ONE THING I WAS ALWAYS RIGHT ABOUT-- 420 00:23:13,000 --> 00:23:18,000 YOU'RE A GREAT KID. 421 00:23:19,000 --> 00:23:24,000 HAPPY BIRTHDAY, BABY BROTHER. 422 00:23:24,000 --> 00:23:27,000 CAPTIONING PERFORMED BY THE NATIONAL CAPTIONING INSTITUTE, INC. 423 00:23:27,000 --> 00:23:30,000 PUBLIC PERFORMANCE OF CAPTIONS PROHIBITED WITHOUT PERMISSION OF NATIONAL CAPTIONING INSTITUTE 424 00:23:30,000 --> 00:23:35,000 CAPTIONS COPYRIGHT 1985 PARAMOUNT PICTURES CORPORATION 425 00:26:59,000 --> 00:27:00,000 SERGEANT McGEE 426 00:27:00,000 --> 00:27:03,000 AS STAGE MANAGER OF THIS TROOP 427 00:27:03,000 --> 00:27:06,000 I ORDER YOU TO REPORT TO WARDROBE 428 00:27:06,000 --> 00:27:09,000 FOR ASSIGNMENT TO LADIES OF THE CHORUS. 429 00:27:09,000 --> 00:27:11,000 WHAT?! ♪ OHH... 430 00:27:11,000 --> 00:27:15,000 ♪ NOW WE'RE IN THE CHORUS 431 00:27:15,000 --> 00:27:18,000 ♪ DRESSED UP IN GIRDLES THAT SQUEEZE ♪ 432 00:27:18,000 --> 00:27:21,000 ♪ WE'RE HERE TO ROMANCE WITH 433 00:27:21,000 --> 00:27:26,000 ♪ TO SING AND TO DANCE WITH 434 00:27:26,000 --> 00:27:28,000 ♪ A BUNCH OF DIRTY GUYS LIKE THESE. ♪ 435 00:27:28,000 --> 00:27:31,000 TELL ME HOW YOU FEEL 436 00:27:31,000 --> 00:27:33,000 ABOUT PIONEER SQUARE TODAY. 437 00:27:33,000 --> 00:27:35,000 BEING ABLE TO WALK THROUGH IT 438 00:27:35,000 --> 00:27:37,000 DRESSED THIS WAY. 439 00:27:37,000 --> 00:27:40,000 PART OF MY MIND DOESN'T BELIEVE IT. 440 00:27:40,000 --> 00:27:44,000 I STILL KEEP EXPECTING THE SHIT TO HIT THE FAN. 441 00:27:44,000 --> 00:27:48,000 ( sirens ) 442 00:27:48,000 --> 00:27:53,000  Narrator: THE BAR PATRONS WHO RIOTED IN GREENWICH VILLAGE 443 00:27:58,000 --> 00:27:59,000  xINE POLICE RAID ON A GAYIN JUNE OF 1969 444 00:27:59,000 --> 00:28:03,000 COULD NOT HAVE KNOWN THEIR WILD INSURRECTION 445 00:28:03,000 --> 00:28:08,000 WOULD BE THE BIRTHDAY OF THE GAY LIBERATION MOVEMENT. 446 00:28:08,000 --> 00:28:11,000 TODAY, THE LESBIAN AND GAY COMMUNITY 447 00:28:11,000 --> 00:28:15,000 IS A HIGHLY VISIBLE ASPECT OF AMERICAN SOCIETY. 448 00:28:15,000 --> 00:28:17,000 HOW DID THIS COME ABOUT? 449 00:28:17,000 --> 00:28:19,000 BY FOCUSING ON THE UNCONVENTIONAL BEHAVIOR 450 00:28:19,000 --> 00:28:24,000 OF THOSE HOMOSEXUALS WHO LIVED BEFORE STONEWALL 451 00:28:24,000 --> 00:28:29,000 WE CAN BEGIN TO UNDERSTAND HOW THE GAY COMMUNITY EVOLVED. 452 00:28:40,000 --> 00:28:44,000 Woman: I FELT LIKE I WAS THE ONLY ONE 453 00:28:44,000 --> 00:28:45,000 UNTIL I LEFT HOME. 454 00:28:45,000 --> 00:28:48,000 HOME WAS IN NORTH CAROLINA. 455 00:28:48,000 --> 00:28:50,000 Woman: I WAS BROUGHT UP ON A FARM. 456 00:28:50,000 --> 00:28:54,000 I KNEW ENOUGH NOT TO TALK ABOUT IT. 457 00:28:54,000 --> 00:28:56,000 Man: WHERE I GREW UP IN IOWA 458 00:28:56,000 --> 00:28:59,000 NOBODY KNEW ANYTHING ABOUT SEXUALITY. 459 00:28:59,000 --> 00:29:01,000 THERE WAS NO SEX EDUCATION. 460 00:29:01,000 --> 00:29:06,000 JUST THE MISINFORMATION THAT KIDS BANDY ABOUT. 461 00:29:06,000 --> 00:29:10,000 Woman: AND THE ANSWER TO WHAT I KNEW ABOUT SEXUALITY WAS NOTHING. 462 00:29:10,000 --> 00:29:12,000 I'D NEVER HEARD THE WORD "LESBIAN." 463 00:29:12,000 --> 00:29:17,000 MY MOTHER WOULD NOT TALK ABOUT IT AT ALL. 464 00:29:17,000 --> 00:29:20,000 ONE OF MY FRIENDS' FATHER WAS A DOCTOR. 465 00:29:20,000 --> 00:29:23,000 AND SHE USED TO SNEAK HIS MEDICAL BOOKS OUT 466 00:29:23,000 --> 00:29:27,000 AND WE WOULD LOOK AT HIS MEDICAL BOOKS 467 00:29:27,000 --> 00:29:29,000 AND FIND OUT THINGS. 468 00:29:29,000 --> 00:29:32,000 Man: I THOUGHT YOUNG WOMEN FELL IN LOVE WITH HORSES 469 00:29:32,000 --> 00:29:37,000 AND MEN FELL IN LOVE WITH ONE ANOTHER. 470 00:29:37,000 --> 00:29:38,000 "HOMOSEXUALITY" 471 00:29:38,000 --> 00:29:42,000 HAS ALWAYS BEEN A DIRTY WORD. 472 00:29:42,000 --> 00:29:46,000 I CANNOT REMEMBER, IN MY 70-SOME YEARS 473 00:29:46,000 --> 00:29:51,000 THE TIME WHEN IT WASN'T A DIRTY WORD. 474 00:29:51,000 --> 00:29:54,000 BUT, ON THE OTHER HAND, HOMOSEXUALITY-- 475 00:29:54,000 --> 00:29:57,000 THE PRACTICE OF IT-- 476 00:29:57,000 --> 00:29:59,000 WAS NOT A DIRTY THING. 477 00:29:59,000 --> 00:30:02,000 I HAD A DECIDED ADVANTAGE 478 00:30:02,000 --> 00:30:05,000 WHEN I WAS VERY YOUNG 479 00:30:05,000 --> 00:30:09,000 BECAUSE I HAD AUNT AND UNCLE WHO WERE GAY. 480 00:30:09,000 --> 00:30:12,000 THEY APPROVED OF EVERYTHING I DID. 481 00:30:12,000 --> 00:30:14,000 MY FATHER HATED THEM 482 00:30:14,000 --> 00:30:17,000 BECAUSE THEY DIDN'T GET MARRIED. 483 00:30:17,000 --> 00:30:21,000 NOBODY KNEW MUCH ABOUT THE GAY LIFE 484 00:30:21,000 --> 00:30:23,000 OUTSIDE OF THE COWBOYS 485 00:30:23,000 --> 00:30:26,000 AND THAT WAS NATURAL TO THEM. 486 00:30:26,000 --> 00:30:31,000 THEY WERE DEFINITELY GAY, BECAUSE THEY HAD TO HAVE SEX. 487 00:30:31,000 --> 00:30:34,000 THEY HAD IT WITH OTHERS 488 00:30:34,000 --> 00:30:37,000 OR THEY HAD IT WITH ANIMALS. 489 00:30:37,000 --> 00:30:41,000 ♪ HE WAS ONLY A LAVENDER COWBOY ♪ 490 00:30:41,000 --> 00:30:45,000 ♪ THE HAIRS ON HIS CHEST NUMBERED TWO ♪ 491 00:30:45,000 --> 00:30:50,000 ♪ BUT HE LONGED TO FOLLOW THE HEROES ♪ 492 00:30:50,000 --> 00:30:55,000 ♪ AND FIGHT LIKE THE HE-MEN DO. ♪ 493 00:30:55,000 --> 00:30:59,000 ♪ BUT HE WAS INWARDLY TROUBLED ♪ 494 00:30:59,000 --> 00:31:04,000 ♪ BY A DREAM THAT GAVE HIM NO REST ♪ 495 00:31:04,000 --> 00:31:09,000 ♪ THAT HE'D GO WITH THE HEROES IN ACTION ♪ 496 00:31:09,000 --> 00:31:14,000 ♪ WITH ONLY TWO HAIRS ON HIS CHEST. ♪ 497 00:31:16,000 --> 00:31:17,000 Narrator: FOR MOST PEOPLE 498 00:31:17,000 --> 00:31:20,000 WHO WERE ATTRACTED TO THEIR OWN SEX 499 00:31:20,000 --> 00:31:24,000 DENIAL WAS THEIR ONLY CHOICE. 500 00:31:24,000 --> 00:31:27,000 GETTING CAUGHT OFTEN RESULTED IN RUINED LIVES, IMPRISONMENT 501 00:31:27,000 --> 00:31:32,000 COMMITMENT TO INSTITUTIONS, OR SUICIDE. 502 00:31:32,000 --> 00:31:34,000 Woman: MY MOTHER WAS TOLD 503 00:31:34,000 --> 00:31:38,000 THAT I WAS LIVING A LESBIAN LIFE WITH VALERIE. 504 00:31:38,000 --> 00:31:41,000 ALL SHE HAD TO SAY 505 00:31:41,000 --> 00:31:43,000 WAS THAT I LIVED A LESBIAN LIF 506 00:31:43,000 --> 00:31:48,000 AND THAT WAS GROUNDS TO HAVE YOU COMMITTED TO AN INSANE ASYLUM. 507 00:31:49,000 --> 00:31:53,000 I WAS PICKED UP OFF THE STREET. 508 00:31:53,000 --> 00:31:56,000 THE POLICE CAME TO VAL'S APARTMENT HOUSE 509 00:31:56,000 --> 00:31:59,000 AND VAL KNEW THEY WERE LOOKING FOR ME 510 00:31:59,000 --> 00:32:01,000 SO SHE WARNED ME. 511 00:32:01,000 --> 00:32:05,000 THEY TOOK ME RIGHT FROM THE STREET 512 00:32:05,000 --> 00:32:10,000 AND PUT ME IN THE PSYCHO WARD. 513 00:32:10,000 --> 00:32:12,000 Man: WE DIDN'T HAVE THE WORD "GAY." 514 00:32:12,000 --> 00:32:14,000 IT WAS "TEMPERAMENTAL." 515 00:32:14,000 --> 00:32:16,000 SO WE'RE "TEMPERAMENTAL." 516 00:32:16,000 --> 00:32:19,000 THIS WAS ALL THEY HAD FOR US. 517 00:32:19,000 --> 00:32:21,000 THIS WAS ALL WE HAD. 518 00:32:21,000 --> 00:32:23,000 WE DIDN'T CALL IT, WE DID IT. 519 00:32:23,000 --> 00:32:27,000 Woman: WHAT YOU CALL NOW "IN THE LIFE" 520 00:32:27,000 --> 00:32:29,000 THEN WAS JUST SWEETHEARTS. 521 00:32:29,000 --> 00:32:31,000 WASN'T NO PARTICULAR NAME. 522 00:32:31,000 --> 00:32:34,000 YOU JUST LIKED THE WOMAN. 523 00:32:34,000 --> 00:32:38,000 THE FIRST TIME THAT I LIKED A GIRL 524 00:32:38,000 --> 00:32:41,000 I WAS NO MORE THAN ABOUT 14 YEARS OLD. 525 00:32:41,000 --> 00:32:45,000 Hay: YOU WOULD LOOK INTO A PERSON'S EYES 526 00:32:45,000 --> 00:32:47,000 AND YOU WOULD KNOW. 527 00:32:47,000 --> 00:32:51,000 YOU KNEW EACH OTHER BY A RED NECKTIE. 528 00:32:51,000 --> 00:32:55,000 IT WAS VERY DARING TO WEAR A HANKIE THAT MATCHED THE TIE. 529 00:32:55,000 --> 00:32:58,000 THE MOMENT YOU SAW THAT 530 00:32:58,000 --> 00:32:59,000 YOU FIGURED THAT WAS A BROTHER. 531 00:32:59,000 --> 00:33:04,000 AFTER CRUISING EACH OTHER BY CHASING EACH OTHER 532 00:33:04,000 --> 00:33:07,000 FROM LOOKING IN THE SAME WINDOW 533 00:33:07,000 --> 00:33:09,000 YOU MIGHT ASK THE PERSON, "CAN YOU TELL ME THE TIME?" 534 00:33:09,000 --> 00:33:14,000 THESE WERE THE THINGS WE USED IN THE '20s AND '30s. 535 00:33:15,000 --> 00:33:19,000 THAT WHOLE SOCIETY HAD BEEN KNOWN AS THE "GAY" SOCIETY 536 00:33:19,000 --> 00:33:23,000 OR THE WORLD OF THE "DEMI-MONDE." 537 00:33:23,000 --> 00:33:26,000 AND SO ALL THOSE PEOPLE 538 00:33:26,000 --> 00:33:30,000 WERE ALWAYS CONSIDERED PEOPLE THAT WERE TOTALLY DISRESPECTABLE 539 00:33:30,000 --> 00:33:34,000 AND THEREFORE, OF VERY QUESTIONABLE MORALS. 540 00:33:34,000 --> 00:33:37,000 THIS WAS THE WORLD OF DANCE AND ARTISTS; 541 00:33:37,000 --> 00:33:42,000 THE WORLD OF PEOPLE WHO FLITTED AROUND IN THE PARKS 542 00:33:42,000 --> 00:33:46,000 AND THE FORESTS OR ALONG THE RIVERS-- 543 00:33:46,000 --> 00:33:49,000 BOTH THE THAMES AND THE SEINE. 544 00:33:49,000 --> 00:33:52,000 THE PEOPLE WHO WERE OUT AT NIGHT 545 00:33:52,000 --> 00:33:53,000 WANDERING AROUND LOOSE 546 00:33:53,000 --> 00:33:55,000 WITHOUT GOING ONE PLACE 547 00:33:55,000 --> 00:34:00,000 WERE OBVIOUSLY THERE FOR NO GOOD PURPOSE. 548 00:34:00,000 --> 00:34:02,000 THIS WAS THE "TWILIGHT WORLD" 549 00:34:02,000 --> 00:34:07,000 AS IT WAS KNOWN IN THE EARLY 20th CENTURY 550 00:34:07,000 --> 00:34:11,000 á AND IT IS THE WORLD OF THE GAY PEOPLE. 551 00:34:11,000 --> 00:34:14,000 IT COVERED PROSTITUTES 552 00:34:14,000 --> 00:34:19,000 AND PEOPLE OF "UNSAVORY" CHARACTERS. 553 00:34:22,000 --> 00:34:27,000 ( Charleston music ) 554 00:34:29,000 --> 00:34:31,000 Narrator: THE 1920s-- 555 00:34:31,000 --> 00:34:35,000 A TIME OF ECONOMIC PROSPERITY, OHIBITION, AND SPEAKEASIES-- 556 00:34:35,000 --> 00:34:38,000 SAW AN INCREASE IN THE POPULATION OF AMERICA'S CITIES. 557 00:34:38,000 --> 00:34:41,000 WHILE MOST HOMOSEXUALS CONTINUED TO LIVE IN SECRECY 558 00:34:41,000 --> 00:34:45,000 A FEW BEGAN TO GATHER IN BOHEMIAN NEIGHBORHOODS 559 00:34:45,000 --> 00:34:49,000 SUCH AS SAN FRANCISCO'S BARBARY COAST 560 00:34:49,000 --> 00:34:50,000 NEW ORLEANS' FRENCH QUARTER 561 00:34:50,000 --> 00:34:51,000 NEW YORK'S HARLEM 562 00:34:51,000 --> 00:34:53,000 AND GREENWICH VILLAGE 563 00:34:53,000 --> 00:34:55,000 WHERE FREER SOCIAL NORMS 564 00:34:55,000 --> 00:34:58,000 ALLOWED THE BEGINNING OF A HOMOSEXUAL UNDERGROUND. 565 00:34:58,000 --> 00:35:02,000 Otis: THE MAIN THOUGHT BEHIND THE THING WAS TO BREAK 566 00:35:02,000 --> 00:35:06,000 AND LIVE AS WILDLY AS YOU COULD. 567 00:35:06,000 --> 00:35:07,000 AND EVERYBODY DID 568 00:35:07,000 --> 00:35:11,000 BECAUSE SPEAKEASIES WERE ALL OVER THE TOWN. 569 00:35:11,000 --> 00:35:15,000 SOME OF THE OLD RESIDENCES HAD SPEAKEASIES IN THE BASEMENTS. 570 00:35:15,000 --> 00:35:17,000 PEOPLE WRITE ABOUT PROHIBITION 571 00:35:17,000 --> 00:35:21,000 BUT THEY DON'T SAY THAT EVERYBODY WAS BREAKING THE LAW 572 00:35:21,000 --> 00:35:24,000 BECAUSE IT WAS THE THING TO DO. 573 00:35:24,000 --> 00:35:27,000 RENT PARTIES WERE GIVEN. 574 00:35:27,000 --> 00:35:28,000 YOU WOULD PAY, MAYBE 575 00:35:28,000 --> 00:35:30,000 50 CENTS, OR A DOLLAR. 576 00:35:30,000 --> 00:35:35,000 THAT ENTITLED YOU TO SALTINE CRACKERS WITH A PIECE OF SALAMI 577 00:35:36,000 --> 00:35:37,000 ú AND BATHTUB GIN. 578 00:35:37,000 --> 00:35:41,000 IN THEIR BATHTUBS, THEY PUT A GALLON OF ALCOHOL 579 00:35:41,000 --> 00:35:45,000 AND A LOT OF ICE TO PARALYZE YOUR SENSE OF TASTE 580 00:35:45,000 --> 00:35:48,000 AND IT WAS COLORED PINK. 581 00:35:48,000 --> 00:35:50,000 THESE WERE GAY PARTIES. 582 00:35:50,000 --> 00:35:55,000 OFTEN, WE WOULD GO HOME WITH PEOPLE WE MET THERE. 583 00:35:56,000 --> 00:36:01,000 NEW YORK IS A KIND OF PLACE THAT EVERYBODY COMES TO. 584 00:36:01,000 --> 00:36:04,000 HARLEM WAS A MECCA FOR BLACK PEOPLE. 585 00:36:04,000 --> 00:36:06,000 SINCE BLACKS COME FROM EVERYWHERE-- 586 00:36:06,000 --> 00:36:10,000 JUST LIKE EVERYBODY ELSE COMES FROM EVERYWHERE 587 00:36:10,000 --> 00:36:14,000 ONLY BLACKS HAD A SPECIFIC PLACE TO GO TO 588 00:36:14,000 --> 00:36:17,000 AND THAT WAS HARLEM. 589 00:36:17,000 --> 00:36:22,000 Woman: AND WE HAD LOTS OF CLUBS, LOTS OF BARS 590 00:36:23,000 --> 00:36:27,000 BUT MY FAVORITE ONE WAS THE GARDEN OF JOY 591 00:36:27,000 --> 00:36:30,000 UP ON A HILL, ON 32nd STREET. 592 00:36:30,000 --> 00:36:33,000 IT'S WHERE THE CHURCH IS NOW. 593 00:36:33,000 --> 00:36:35,000 CLAYTON PALACE CHURCH. 594 00:36:35,000 --> 00:36:37,000 THAT WAS A HILL. 595 00:36:37,000 --> 00:36:41,000 YOU HAD A BEAUTIFUL TIME UP THERE. 596 00:36:41,000 --> 00:36:46,000 OH, GIRL, YOU HAD SOME TIME UP THERE. 597 00:36:57,000 --> 00:37:02,000 Otis: THOSE PLACES WERE NOT GAY, BUT THEY WERE OPEN. 598 00:37:02,000 --> 00:37:05,000 THE WHOLE ATMOSPHERE WAS OPEN. 599 00:37:05,000 --> 00:37:06,000 Nugent: IT WAS ALMOST IMPOSSIBLE 600 00:37:06,000 --> 00:37:09,000 NOT TO KNOW EVERYBODY 601 00:37:09,000 --> 00:37:12,000 THAT HAPPENED TO PASS THROUGH HARLEM. 602 00:37:12,000 --> 00:37:14,000 BLACK, WHITE--T DOESN'T MAKE ANY DIFFERENCE. 603 00:37:14,000 --> 00:37:18,000 Narrator: HARLEM'S MORE EXCLUSIVE CLUBS, FEATURING BLACK PERFORMERS 604 00:37:18,000 --> 00:37:20,000 CATERED TO WHITE TOURISTS. 605 00:37:20,000 --> 00:37:25,000 HOWEVER, THE MORE ADVENTUROUS WHITES, MANY OF THEM HOMOSEXUALS 606 00:37:25,000 --> 00:37:28,000 WERE WELCOME IN BLACK CLUBS 607 00:37:28,000 --> 00:37:31,000 AND THE FREE-WHEELING BUFFET FLATS. 608 00:37:31,000 --> 00:37:35,000 I THINK ONE OF THE GREAT ATTRACTIONS IN HARLEM 609 00:37:35,000 --> 00:37:39,000 WAS TO GO TO GLADYS BENTLEY'S LITTLE HIDEAWAY 610 00:37:39,000 --> 00:37:42,000 WHERE SHE PLED A PIANO. 611 00:37:42,000 --> 00:37:46,000 GLADYS BENTLEY WAS A VERY OVERT LESBIAN. 612 00:37:46,000 --> 00:37:50,000 Nugent: I DON'T THINK I'D EVER SEEN GLADYS IN A SKIRT 613 00:37:50,000 --> 00:37:53,000 IN MY LIFE. 614 00:37:53,000 --> 00:37:56,000 SHE ALWAYS WORE PANTS AND TUXEDOS. 615 00:37:56,000 --> 00:37:59,000 DURING HER STINT AT THE CLAM HOUSE 616 00:37:59,000 --> 00:38:02,000 SHE RAN OFF AND MARRIED A GIRLFRIEND. 617 00:38:02,000 --> 00:38:06,000 ♪ I WENT OUT LAST NIGHT WITH A CROWD OF MY FRIENDS ♪ 618 00:38:06,000 --> 00:38:11,000 ♪ MUST HAVE BEEN WOMEN, 'CAUSE I DON'T LIKE NO MEN. ♪ 619 00:38:11,000 --> 00:38:13,000 ♪ IT'S TRUE, I WEAR A COLLAR 620 00:38:13,000 --> 00:38:16,000 ♪ AND A TIE 621 00:38:16,000 --> 00:38:20,000 ♪ MAKES THE WIND BLOW, ALL THE WHILE ♪ 622 00:38:20,000 --> 00:38:22,000 ♪ 'CAUSE THE WAY I DO IT 623 00:38:22,000 --> 00:38:24,000 ♪ AIN'T NOBODY CAUGHT ME. 624 00:38:24,000 --> 00:38:28,000 ♪ THEY SURE GOT TO PROVE IT ON ME. ♪ 625 00:38:28,000 --> 00:38:31,000 Hampton: I MET QUITE A FEW SINGERS. 626 00:38:31,000 --> 00:38:33,000 MOSTLY ALL OF THEM-- 627 00:38:33,000 --> 00:38:34,000 LIKE ETHEL WATERS 628 00:38:34,000 --> 00:38:38,000 AND SMITH, AND HUNTER... 629 00:38:38,000 --> 00:38:40,000 WERE THEY IN THE LIFE? 630 00:38:40,000 --> 00:38:42,000 I WOULDN'T HAVE BEEN MEETING THEM 631 00:38:42,000 --> 00:38:45,000 IF THEY HADN'T BEEN IN THERE 632 00:38:45,000 --> 00:38:48,000 BECAUSE I WOULDN'T HAVE BOTHERED NOBODY THAT WASN'T. 633 00:38:48,000 --> 00:38:51,000 NOW, I BOTHER WITH STRAIGHT PEOPLE. 634 00:38:51,000 --> 00:38:53,000 I NEVER WENT IN WITH STRAIGHT PEOPLE 635 00:38:53,000 --> 00:38:56,000 BECAUSE YOU GET YOURSELF IN TROUBLE. 636 00:38:56,000 --> 00:38:58,000 WHERE ARE WE GOING? 637 00:38:58,000 --> 00:39:00,000 YOU WANTED TO GO SLUMMING 638 00:39:00,000 --> 00:39:03,000 SO I PICKED A PLACE IN THE VILLAGE. 639 00:39:03,000 --> 00:39:06,000 ONLY WILD ANARCHISTS EAT THERE. 640 00:39:06,000 --> 00:39:10,000 ♪ AND GO DASHING j! AND DOWN THE HALLS... ♪ 641 00:39:10,000 --> 00:39:11,000 ♪ TRA LA, LA LA, LA LA, LA LA 642 00:39:11,000 --> 00:39:13,000 ♪ TRA-LA-LA-LA, LA LA, LA LA 643 00:39:13,000 --> 00:39:16,000 ♪ TRA LA LA LA LA LA LA LA! ♪ 644 00:39:16,000 --> 00:39:20,000 ♪ IF A SAILOR IN PAJAMAS I SHOULD SEE ♪ 645 00:39:20,000 --> 00:39:24,000 ♪ I KNOW HE'LL SCARE THE LIFE OUT OF ME ♪ 646 00:39:24,000 --> 00:39:26,000 ♪ AND ON A GREAT BIG BATTLE SHIP ♪ 647 00:39:26,000 --> 00:39:28,000 ♪ YOU'D LIKE TO BE 648 00:39:28,000 --> 00:39:30,000 ♪ WORKING AS CHAMBERMAIDS... 649 00:39:30,000 --> 00:39:32,000 ♪ AND SNUG! 650 00:39:32,000 --> 00:39:34,000 ( laughter ) 651 00:39:34,000 --> 00:39:37,000 Man: THAT'S THE ANCIENT CULTURE 652 00:39:37,000 --> 00:39:40,000 WHICH EXISTED IN THE CARNIVAL WORLDS 653 00:39:40,000 --> 00:39:44,000 IN THE BLACK WORLD AND HARLEM IN THE '20s. 654 00:39:44,000 --> 00:39:45,000 IN BERLIN-- 655 00:39:45,000 --> 00:39:47,000 IN THE CABARET BERLIN 656 00:39:47,000 --> 00:39:50,000 THAT WE READ ABOUT. 657 00:39:50,000 --> 00:39:54,000 THAT OLD CULTURE EXISTS SINCE PRIMORDIAL DAYS. 658 00:39:54,000 --> 00:39:57,000 Narrator: THE BOHEMIAN SUBCULTURE WAS A PRESSURE COOKER 659 00:39:57,000 --> 00:39:59,000 t ADVANCING UNCONVENTIONAL IDEAS. 660 00:39:59,000 --> 00:40:03,000 HERE, HOMOSEXUALS, CAST OUT OF GENTEEL SOCIETY 661 00:40:03,000 --> 00:40:05,000 FOUND A COMFORTABLE WORLD 662 00:40:05,000 --> 00:40:06,000 IN WHICH TO CREATE. 663 00:40:06,000 --> 00:40:11,000 MANY IMPORTANT THINKERS EMERGED FROM THIS HOMOSEXUAL UNDERGROUND 664 00:40:11,000 --> 00:40:14,000 INCLUDING ROMAE BROO AND NALIE BARNEY 665 00:40:14,000 --> 00:40:16,000 LANGSTON HUGHES 666 00:40:16,000 --> 00:40:18,000 MARGARET ANDERSON 667 00:40:18,000 --> 00:40:19,000 TENNESSEE WILLIAMS 668 00:40:19,000 --> 00:40:21,000 AND GERTRUDE STEIN. 669 00:40:21,000 --> 00:40:24,000 álWoman: IN THE UNITED STATES, BETWEEN 1875 AND 1940 670 00:40:24,000 --> 00:40:29,000 THERE WERE MORE THAN 500 NOVELS WITH LESBIAN CONTENT, PUBLISHED. 671 00:40:30,000 --> 00:40:31,000 AND OF COURSE 672 00:40:31,000 --> 00:40:33,000 WITH GAY MALE LITERATURE 673 00:40:33,000 --> 00:40:37,000 THERE'S FIVE TIMES AS MUCH DURING THE SAME PERIOD. 674 00:40:37,000 --> 00:40:40,000 OH, I HAD THEM ALL. 675 00:40:40,000 --> 00:40:42,000 AND EVEN TILL THIS DAY-- 676 00:40:42,000 --> 00:40:45,000 ALL THE BOOKS ARE MINE. 677 00:40:45,000 --> 00:40:48,000 TELL ME ABOUT THE LESBIAN NOVELS THAT YOU LIKE. 678 00:40:48,000 --> 00:40:51,000 WELL, YOU KNOWOW IT STARTED-- 679 00:40:51,000 --> 00:40:53,000 THE WELL OF LONELINESS. 680 00:40:53,000 --> 00:40:58,000 FROM THAT ON, EVERYTHING THAT CAME PAST, I READ IT. 681 00:41:02,000 --> 00:41:04,000 Narrator: THE '20s SAW A WAVE OF LESBIAN LITERATURE LIKE THE WELL OF LONELINESS 682 00:41:04,000 --> 00:41:07,000 AND THE HIT BROADWAY PLAY, THE CAPTIVE. 683 00:41:07,000 --> 00:41:09,000 BOTH WERE DECLARED OBSCENE 684 00:41:09,000 --> 00:41:12,000 AND THE ENSUING CENSORSHIP STRUGGLES 685 00:41:12,000 --> 00:41:16,000 MADE HOMOSEXUALITY A MAJOR TOPIC OF PUBLIC DISCOURSE. 686 00:41:16,000 --> 00:41:18,000 RADCLYFFE HALL'S APPEAL 687 00:41:18,000 --> 00:41:21,000 OVERTURNED THE DECISION FOR PUBLISHERS. 688 00:41:21,000 --> 00:41:24,000  OUTLAWED OVERT REFERENCES 689 00:41:24,000 --> 00:41:26,000 TO HOMOSEXUALITY ON THE STAGE. 690 00:41:26,000 --> 00:41:27,000 CONTROVERSIAL PLAYS 691 00:41:27,000 --> 00:41:30,000 LIKE LILLIAN HELLMAN'S THE CHILDREN'S HOUR 692 00:41:30,000 --> 00:41:31,000 WERE TOLERATED 693 00:41:31,000 --> 00:41:35,000 AS LONG AS THE WORD "LESBIAN" WAS NOT MENTIONED. 694 00:41:35,000 --> 00:41:37,000 IN HOLLYWOOD 695 00:41:37,000 --> 00:41:40,000 A FILM VERSION OF OSCAR WILDE'S SALOME WAS PRODUCED 696 00:41:40,000 --> 00:41:43,000 WITH A PURPORTEDLY ALL-GAY CAST. 697 00:41:43,000 --> 00:41:47,000 ♪ ARE THOSE FAIRIES AT THE BOTTOM OF OUR GARDEN? ♪ 698 00:41:47,000 --> 00:41:50,000 ♪ YOU CANNOT THINK HOW BEAUTIFUL THEY ARE. ♪ 699 00:41:50,000 --> 00:41:51,000 ♪ THEY ALL STAND UP AND SING 700 00:41:51,000 --> 00:41:53,000 ♪ WHEN THE FAIRY KING AND QUEEN ♪ 701 00:41:53,000 --> 00:41:57,000 ♪ COME LIGHTLY FLOATING DOWN UPON THEIR CLOUDS. ♪ 702 00:41:57,000 --> 00:42:00,000 Narrator: BUT THE CENSORSHIP FORCES EVENTUALLY PREVAILED 703 00:42:00,000 --> 00:42:04,000 AND BY 1935, THE MOTION PICTURE CODE 704 00:42:04,000 --> 00:42:09,000 BANNED ALL REFERENCES TO HOMOSEXUALITY. 705 00:42:14,000 --> 00:42:16,000 Narrator: THE HARD TIMES OF THE 1930s 706 00:42:16,000 --> 00:42:20,000 LED TO POLITICAL AND SOCIAL UNREST. 707 00:42:20,000 --> 00:42:23,000 RIOTS BROKE OUT IN HARLEM. 708 00:42:23,000 --> 00:42:25,000 UNIONS FOUGHT PITCHED BATTLES FOR RECOGNITION. 709 00:42:25,000 --> 00:42:26,000 FAMILIES DISINTEGRATED 710 00:42:26,000 --> 00:42:29,000 AS MEN ABANDONED THEIR WIVES AND CHILDREN 711 00:42:29,000 --> 00:42:32,000 IN UNPRECEDENTED NUMBERS 712 00:42:32,000 --> 00:42:35,000 AND BOTH THE RADICAL LEFT AND RIGHT SWELLED THEIR RANKS. 713 00:42:35,000 --> 00:42:38,000 Rolfs: THESE WERE TIMES OF THE GREAT DEPRESSION 714 00:42:38,000 --> 00:42:41,000 AND THERE WAS MUCH DISCRIMINATION. 715 00:42:41,000 --> 00:42:46,000 IN 1929, I WAS INVITED TO A SMALL DINNER PARTY 716 00:42:47,000 --> 00:42:50,000 WHERE DR. HIRSCHFELD, THE SEXOLOGIST 717 00:42:50,000 --> 00:42:52,000 WAS THE SPEAKER THAT EVENING. 718 00:42:52,000 --> 00:42:55,000 AND AFTER DINNER, HE ADDRESSED THE GROUP 719 00:42:55,000 --> 00:43:00,000 TELLING OF CHANGES THAT WERE BEING BROUGHT ABOUT IN GERMANY. 720 00:43:00,000 --> 00:43:02,000 HE MADE QUITE AN IMPACT. 721 00:43:02,000 --> 00:43:07,000 HE HAD WORKED SO THAT MEN COULD DRESS AS WOMEN 722 00:43:07,000 --> 00:43:10,000 IF THEY WERE PROPERLY IDENTIFIED. 723 00:43:10,000 --> 00:43:11,000 REGRETTABLY, THAT BOOMERANGED. 724 00:43:11,000 --> 00:43:14,000 ALL THESE REGISTERED MEN 725 00:43:14,000 --> 00:43:18,000 WERE PUT IN CONCENTRATION CAMPS WITH JEWS. 726 00:43:18,000 --> 00:43:20,000 rrator: THE RISE OF THE NAZIS 727 00:43:20,000 --> 00:43:25,000 OBLITERATED THE EARLY HOMOSEXUAL MOVEMENT IN GERMANY 728 00:43:27,000 --> 00:43:29,000 AND PROPELLED THE UNITED STATES INTO A WAR 729 00:43:29,000 --> 00:43:31,000 OF AMERICAN HOMOSEXUALS. 730 00:43:31,000 --> 00:43:35,000 THERE WAS A WAR, AND WE WERE ALL PATRIOTIC. 731 00:43:35,000 --> 00:43:38,000 Woman: WHEN DECEMBER 7 CAME 732 00:43:38,000 --> 00:43:40,000 EVERYBODY WAS EXPECTED TO DO SOMETHING. 733 00:43:40,000 --> 00:43:44,000 I FELT IT WAS MY DUTY TO JOIN THE SERVICE. 734 00:43:44,000 --> 00:43:49,000 AS SOON AS THEY ALLOWED WOMEN INTO THE ARMY, I JOINED IT. 735 00:43:49,000 --> 00:43:52,000 I CAN'T SAY THAT I WAS GLAD TO JOIN. 736 00:43:52,000 --> 00:43:56,000 I DID NOT WANT TO GET SHOT AT. 737 00:43:56,000 --> 00:44:00,000 WORLD WAR II WAS SOMETHING THE COUNTRY WAS BEHIND 738 00:44:00,000 --> 00:44:03,000 SO EVERYBODY WAS BEHIND YOU. 739 00:44:03,000 --> 00:44:06,000 They come from every walk of life. 740 00:44:06,000 --> 00:44:07,000 By the hundred thousand 741 00:44:07,000 --> 00:44:10,000 they are assembling at camps and Naval training stations. 742 00:44:10,000 --> 00:44:12,000 To these young men 743 00:44:12,000 --> 00:44:15,000 comes a radical change in their way of life 744 00:44:15,000 --> 00:44:18,000 as home ties are broken 745 00:44:18,000 --> 00:44:20,000 and families are left behind. 746 00:44:20,000 --> 00:44:23,000 Quickly, they adapt to routine. 747 00:44:23,000 --> 00:44:26,000 Physical conditioning, discipline, military training 748 00:44:26,000 --> 00:44:28,000 builds a high morale 749 00:44:28,000 --> 00:44:33,000 which is essential to strong, fighting men. 750 00:44:33,000 --> 00:44:34,000 MY FIRST ASSIGNMENT 751 00:44:34,000 --> 00:44:36,000 IN THE ARMY 752 00:44:36,000 --> 00:44:40,000 WAS IN THE INDUCTION STATION IN FORT SNELLING 753 00:44:40,000 --> 00:44:42,000 WHICH BECAME INSTANTLY CALLED 754 00:44:42,000 --> 00:44:45,000 "THE SEDUCTION STATION." 755 00:44:45,000 --> 00:44:48,000 AND I FOUND THAT ALL OF THE PEOPLE 756 00:44:48,000 --> 00:44:52,000 I HAD KNOWN IN THE GAY BARS IN MINNEAPOLIS AND ST. PAUL 757 00:44:52,000 --> 00:44:53,000 WERE ALL OFFICERS 758 00:44:53,000 --> 00:44:57,000 WHO WERE RUNNING THIS "SEDUCTION STATION." 759 00:44:57,000 --> 00:45:01,000 WHEN RECRUITS WOULD BE LINED UP BY THE THOUSANDS-- 760 00:45:01,000 --> 00:45:05,000 AS THEY WOULD BE, EACH MORNING, OUTSIDE OUR WINDOWS-- 761 00:45:05,000 --> 00:45:07,000 WE WOULD RUSH TO THE WINDOWS 762 00:45:07,000 --> 00:45:10,000 AND EXPRESS GREAT SORROW 763 00:45:10,000 --> 00:45:13,000 THAT ALL OF THESE BEAUTIFUL BOYS 764 00:45:13,000 --> 00:45:16,000 WERE GOING TO BE KILLED OR MAIMED IN THE WAR. 765 00:45:16,000 --> 00:45:19,000 ONE OF THE WORST STEREOTYPES 766 00:45:19,000 --> 00:45:22,000 THAT WAS REALLY A LIE 767 00:45:22,000 --> 00:45:25,000 WAS THAT ALL HOMOSEXUALS ARE EFFEMINATE. 768 00:45:25,000 --> 00:45:30,000 AND SO A LOT OF US WHO WERE GAY HAD TO PROVE OUR MANHOOD 769 00:45:31,000 --> 00:45:33,000 AND SO I JOINED THE TOUGHEST 770 00:45:33,000 --> 00:45:36,000 MOST MASCULINE MILITARY ORGANIZATION IN THE COUNTRY 771 00:45:36,000 --> 00:45:40,000 AND THAT WAS THE MARINE CORPS. 772 00:45:40,000 --> 00:45:43,000 "THE MARINE CORPS BUILDS MEN." 773 00:45:43,000 --> 00:45:45,000 ( "Stars and Stripes Forever" ) 774 00:45:45,000 --> 00:45:49,000 Man: I WAS VERY MUCH AWARE THAT I WAS UNATHLETIC. 775 00:45:49,000 --> 00:45:54,000 I COULD NOT THROW A BALL, I COULD NOT CATCH ONE. 776 00:45:54,000 --> 00:45:57,000 I WOULD KICK A BASKETBALL WHEN I DRIBBLED. 777 00:45:57,000 --> 00:46:01,000 IT WAS OBVIOUS IN THROWING GRENADES. 778 00:46:01,000 --> 00:46:02,000 ONCE, IN GRENADE PRACTICE 779 00:46:02,000 --> 00:46:04,000 IT FELL ON MY TOE 780 00:46:04,000 --> 00:46:06,000 WHICH WAS RATHER EMBARRASSING. 781 00:46:06,000 --> 00:46:11,000 I REACTED TO THAT BY BEING THE COMPANY MASCOT. 782 00:46:11,000 --> 00:46:15,000 THE ONLY THING I COULD DO WAS LAUGH ABOUT IT. 783 00:46:15,000 --> 00:46:19,000 THEY TOLERATED LESBIANISM IF THEY NEEDED YOU. 784 00:46:19,000 --> 00:46:23,000 IF YOU HAD A SPECIALIST KIND OF A JOB 785 00:46:23,000 --> 00:46:25,000 OR IF YOU WERE IN 786 00:46:25,000 --> 00:46:27,000 A THEATER OF OPERATIONS 787 00:46:27,000 --> 00:46:28,000 WHERE BODIES WERE NEEDED 788 00:46:28,000 --> 00:46:32,000 THEN THEY TOLERATED ANYTHING. 789 00:46:32,000 --> 00:46:37,000 THE BATTALION THAT I WAS IN WAS PROBABLY ABOUT 97% LESBIAN. 790 00:46:38,000 --> 00:46:40,000 WE WERE ALL OVER THE PLACE. 791 00:46:40,000 --> 00:46:44,000 ONCE, I WAS CALLED IN TO MY COMMANDING GENERAL'S OFFICE-- 792 00:46:44,000 --> 00:46:47,000 IT HAPPENED TO BE EISENHOWER AT THE TIME-- 793 00:46:47,000 --> 00:46:51,000 AND HE SAID, "IT'S COME TO MY ATTENTION 794 00:46:51,000 --> 00:46:55,000 "THAT THERE MAY BE SOME LESBIANS IN THE WAC BATTALION. 795 00:46:55,000 --> 00:46:59,000 I'M GIVING YOU AN ORDER TO FERRET THOSE LESBIANS OUT." 796 00:46:59,000 --> 00:47:04,000 AND I LOOKED AT HIM, AND I LOOKED AT HIS SECRETARY 797 00:47:05,000 --> 00:47:09,000 AND I SAID, "WELL, SIR, IF THE GENERAL PLEASES 798 00:47:09,000 --> 00:47:13,000 "I'LL BE HAPPY TO DO THIS INVESTIGATION FOR YOU 799 00:47:13,000 --> 00:47:15,000  "BUT YOU HAVE TO KNOW 800 00:47:15,000 --> 00:47:19,000 THAT THE FIRST NAME ON THE LIST WILL BE MINE." 801 00:47:19,000 --> 00:47:23,000 AND HE KIND OF WAS TAKEN ABACK 802 00:47:23,000 --> 00:47:27,000 AND THIS WOMAN STANDING NEXT TO ME SAID 803 00:47:27,000 --> 00:47:30,000 "SIR, YOU MUST BE AWARE 804 00:47:30,000 --> 00:47:33,000 "THAT SERGEANT PHELPS' NAME MAY BE SECOND 805 00:47:33,000 --> 00:47:35,000 BUT MINE WILL BE FIRST." 806 00:47:35,000 --> 00:47:38,000 I LOOKED AT HIM, AND I SAID 807 00:47:38,000 --> 00:47:42,000 "SIR, THERE ARE LESBIANS IN THE WAC BATTALION. 808 00:47:42,000 --> 00:47:47,000 "AND IF THE GENERAL IS PREPARED TO REPLACE ALL THE FILE CLERKS 809 00:47:47,000 --> 00:47:50,000 "ALL THE SECTION COMMANDERS AND DRIVERS 810 00:47:50,000 --> 00:47:52,000 EVERY WOMAN IN THE WAC DETACHMENT"-- 811 00:47:52,000 --> 00:47:56,000 AND THERE WERE ABOUT 980 OF US-- 812 00:47:56,000 --> 00:47:59,000 "THEN I'LL BE HAPPY TO MAKE THAT LIST 813 00:47:59,000 --> 00:48:04,000 "BUT THE GENERAL SHOULD KNOW THAT AMONG THOSE WOMEN 814 00:48:04,000 --> 00:48:07,000 "ARE THE MOST HIGHLY DECORATED WOMEN IN THE WAR. 815 00:48:07,000 --> 00:48:12,000 "THERE HAVE BEEN NO CASES OF ILLEGAL PREGNANCIES OR A.W.O.L. 816 00:48:12,000 --> 00:48:16,000 "THERE HAVE BEEN NO CASES OF MISCONDUCT 817 00:48:16,000 --> 00:48:19,000 "AND EVERY SIX MONTHS SINCE WE'VE BEEN HERE 818 00:48:19,000 --> 00:48:22,000 "THE GENERAL HAS AWARDED US A COMMENDATION 819 00:48:22,000 --> 00:48:24,000 FOR MERITORIOUS SERVICE." 820 00:48:24,000 --> 00:48:27,000 AND HE SAID, "FORGET THE ORDER." 821 00:48:27,000 --> 00:48:32,000 IT WAS A GOOD BATTALION TO BE IN. 822 00:48:32,000 --> 00:48:36,000 MEN DID NOT SHOW AFFECTION TO EACH OTHER 823 00:48:36,000 --> 00:48:38,000 AT LEAST NOT THROUGH TOUCHING 824 00:48:38,000 --> 00:48:41,000 EXCEPT MAYBE A HAND ON THE SHOULDER 825 00:48:41,000 --> 00:48:43,000 OR THE BOISTEROUS EXCESSES 826 00:48:43,000 --> 00:48:46,000 THAT MEN GO INTO WHEN THEY'RE GETTING LITTLE INTOXICATED. 827 00:48:46,000 --> 00:48:48,000 Vilas: I CERTAINLY FELT SOMETHING VERY STRONGLY. 828 00:48:48,000 --> 00:48:51,000 IT WAS AFFECTION 829 00:48:51,000 --> 00:48:54,000 BUT IT WAS A VERY "BUTCH" KIND OF AFFECTION. 830 00:48:54,000 --> 00:48:57,000 THIS WASN'T DEFINED AS BEING "GAY" ACTIVITY. 831 00:48:57,000 --> 00:48:59,000 Buse: WHEN YOU'RE ACTUALLY IN COMBAT 832 00:48:59,000 --> 00:49:02,000 THE WHOLE FOCUS IS ON LIVING 833 00:49:02,000 --> 00:49:04,000 AND THE RAW NERVE EDGE OF EVERYTHING. 834 00:49:04,000 --> 00:49:09,000 MOST OF YOUR LIFE IS REFLEX ACTION. 835 00:49:09,000 --> 00:49:13,000 BUT MORE INTENSE EXPRESSION OF FEELINGS 836 00:49:13,000 --> 00:49:14,000 WERE PERMITTED THEN. 837 00:49:14,000 --> 00:49:15,000 Vilas: I'D GONE OUT 838 00:49:15,000 --> 00:49:18,000 WITH TWO RATHER CLOSE FRIENDS. 839 00:49:18,000 --> 00:49:22,000 WE WERE MAYBE THREE MILES FROM THE FRONTLINES 840 00:49:22,000 --> 00:49:25,000 AND IT WAS A LITTLE TOWN IN GERMANY. 841 00:49:25,000 --> 00:49:27,000 WE'D HAD A LOT OF CASUALTIES. 842 00:49:27,000 --> 00:49:29,000 WE GOT VERY DRUNK. 843 00:49:29,000 --> 00:49:31,000 AND COMING BACK 844 00:49:31,000 --> 00:49:35,000 MERTZ AND I STARTED KIND OF PLAYING WITH EACH OTHER. 845 00:49:35,000 --> 00:49:39,000 AND WE ACTUALLY KIND OF HAD SEX 846 00:49:39,000 --> 00:49:43,000 WITH SMITTY, THE THIRD PERSON OVER THERE: 847 00:49:43,000 --> 00:49:46,000 "COME ON, GUYS, YOU'RE DRUNK, STOP IT." 848 00:49:46,000 --> 00:49:50,000 BOTH THOSE GUYS WERE DEAD IN THREE DAYS. 849 00:49:50,000 --> 00:49:53,000 SMITTY HAD BEEN HIT WITH A SNIPER 850 00:49:53,000 --> 00:49:56,000 IN A FOXHOLE RIGHT NEXT TO MINE. 851 00:49:56,000 --> 00:50:00,000 MERTZ GOT SOME ARTILLERY RIGHT IN HIS STOMACH. 852 00:50:00,000 --> 00:50:03,000 ALL WITHIN A WEEK OF THIS EXPERIENCE. 853 00:50:03,000 --> 00:50:06,000 Narrator: WHILE THE WAR RAGED ON 854 00:50:06,000 --> 00:50:11,000 RADICAL SOCIAL CHANGES WERE SEEN ON THE HOME FRONT. 855 00:50:11,000 --> 00:50:14,000 AS THE WORK FORCE SWELLED WITH WOMEN 856 00:50:14,000 --> 00:50:16,000 LESBIANS GAINED ECONOMIC INDEPENDENCE. 857 00:50:16,000 --> 00:50:19,000 HUNDREDS OF HOMOSEXUAL BARS SPRUNG UP 858 00:50:19,000 --> 00:50:21,000 AS GAY PERSONNEL FLOODED CITIES. 859 00:50:21,000 --> 00:50:24,000 Dayton women are marching to war! 860 00:50:24,000 --> 00:50:26,000 Yes, in every essential wartime activity 861 00:50:26,000 --> 00:50:28,000 in the factories and airfields 862 00:50:28,000 --> 00:50:32,000 Dayton women are keeping the wheels of industry turning. 863 00:50:32,000 --> 00:50:34,000 IT WAS WORLD WAR II 864 00:50:34,000 --> 00:50:38,000 AND EVERYONE THAT DIDN'T HAVE FLAT FEET 865 00:50:38,000 --> 00:50:42,000 WAS OFF DEFENDING OUR COUNTRY. 866 00:50:42,000 --> 00:50:44,000 THERE WERE MANY UNMARRIED WOMEN 867 00:50:44,000 --> 00:50:45,000 ENGAGED WOMEN 868 00:50:45,000 --> 00:50:47,000 SINGLE WOMEN 869 00:50:47,000 --> 00:50:50,000 AND A LOT OF THEM HAD MOVED TO THE CITIES. 870 00:50:50,000 --> 00:50:54,000 THAT'S WHERE THESE JOBS WERE. 871 00:50:54,000 --> 00:50:57,000 Smith: WOMEN WERE HIRED IN THE DEFENSE INDUSTRI 872 00:50:57,000 --> 00:50:59,000 AND WORE SLACKS AND HAD SHORT HAIR. 873 00:50:59,000 --> 00:51:02,000 SKIRTS WERE DANGEROUS AROUND MACHINERY. 874 00:51:02,000 --> 00:51:04,000 SO IT BECAME CMON 875 00:51:04,000 --> 00:51:07,000 THAT THEY WERE WEARNG SLACKS ON THE STREET. 876 00:51:07,000 --> 00:51:09,000 Streiker: NATURALLY, THEY BEGAN TO EARN MONEY 877 00:51:09,000 --> 00:51:12,000 AND ACHIEVED SOME DEGREE OF INDEPENDENCE. 878 00:51:12,000 --> 00:51:15,000 r THEY LEFT THE HOUSE OR THE HOME. 879 00:51:15,000 --> 00:51:18,000 YOU COULD LEAVE HOME WITHOUT BEING PREGNANT. 880 00:51:18,000 --> 00:51:21,000 IT WAS THE FIRST TIME ANYBODY COULD DO THAT. 881 00:51:21,000 --> 00:51:25,000 The sheer matter of where to live 882 00:51:25,000 --> 00:51:27,000 r prents a fordable oblem in Dayn. 883 00:51:27,000 --> 00:51:31,000 Rooms, beds, all jam-packed, overflowing. 884 00:51:31,000 --> 00:51:34,000 Hampton: WE WAS ALL BUNCHED UP TOGETHER ALL THE TIME. 885 00:51:34,000 --> 00:51:39,000 MOST OF THE WOMEN THAT I MET HAD HUSBANDS 886 00:51:40,000 --> 00:51:43,000 BUT THEY WOULD GO WITH WOMEN. 887 00:51:43,000 --> 00:51:45,000 THEY DID THE SAME THING 888 00:51:45,000 --> 00:51:47,000 WHEN THE MEN WAS HOME. 889 00:51:47,000 --> 00:51:52,000 THAT'S WHY I KNOW ONE-HALF OF THE WORLD IS QUEER, GAY. 890 00:51:53,000 --> 00:51:55,000 ONE-HALF OF IT. 891 00:51:55,000 --> 00:51:59,000 AND THOSE THAT'S FIGHTING US, WHO WILL ADMIT THE TRUTH 892 00:51:59,000 --> 00:52:02,000 THEY'RE DOING THE SAME THING. 893 00:52:02,000 --> 00:52:05,000 IT BROUGHT A LOT MORE PEOPLE 894 00:52:05,000 --> 00:52:06,000 FROM THE HINTERLANDS 895 00:52:06,000 --> 00:52:08,000 OUT INTO CONDITIONS 896 00:52:08,000 --> 00:52:12,000 WHERE THEY WEREN'T LIVING IN SMALL TOWNS 897 00:52:12,000 --> 00:52:14,000 WHERE THEY WERE FREER 898 00:52:14,000 --> 00:52:17,000 WHERE THEY MET OTHER PEOPLE 899 00:52:17,000 --> 00:52:21,000 WHERE THEY GOT INTO SAME-SEX CLOSE RELATIONSHIPS 900 00:52:21,000 --> 00:52:25,000 AND DEVELOPED FRIENDSHIPS ON THE NIGHTS OUT. 901 00:52:25,000 --> 00:52:30,000 GROUPS OF SOLDIERS MAY GO LOOKING FOR WOMEN 902 00:52:31,000 --> 00:52:36,000 AND END UP FINDING ONE ANOTHER. 903 00:52:37,000 --> 00:52:41,000 ♪ I MISS YOUR VOICE 904 00:52:41,000 --> 00:52:44,000 ♪ AND THE TOUCH OF YOUR HAND 905 00:52:44,000 --> 00:52:47,000 ♪ MY BUDDY 906 00:52:47,000 --> 00:52:50,000 ♪ MY BUDDY 907 00:52:50,000 --> 00:52:55,000 ♪ YOUR BUDDY MISSES YOU. 908 00:52:58,000 --> 00:53:01,000 ♪ I GOT A GAL 909 00:53:01,000 --> 00:53:04,000 ♪ IN KALAMAZOO. 910 00:53:04,000 --> 00:53:06,000 ♪ DON'T WANT BOAST 911 00:53:06,000 --> 00:53:08,000 ♪ BUT I KNOW SHE'S THE TOAST 912 00:53:08,000 --> 00:53:11,000 ♪ OF KALAMAZOO-ZOO- ZOO-ZOO-ZOO-ZOO. ♪ 913 00:53:11,000 --> 00:53:14,000 ♪ YEARS HAVE GONE BY 914 00:53:14,000 --> 00:53:17,000 ♪ MY, MY, HOW SHE GREW. 915 00:53:17,000 --> 00:53:20,000 ♪ I LIKED HER LOOKS WHEN I CARRIED HER BOOKS ♪ 916 00:53:20,000 --> 00:53:23,000 ♪ IN KALAMAZOO-ZOO-ZOO-ZOO 917 00:53:23,000 --> 00:53:27,000 ♪ KALAMAZOO! 918 00:53:27,000 --> 00:53:30,000 Phelps: WE MET A LOT OF PEOPLE. 919 00:53:30,000 --> 00:53:32,000 WE BECAME AWARE OF OUR OWN KIND. 920 00:53:32,000 --> 00:53:35,000 OUR OWN SOCIETY CONGREGATED THERE. 921 00:53:35,000 --> 00:53:37,000 THAT HAD A LOT TO DO 922 00:53:37,000 --> 00:53:42,000 WITH THE INCREASE IN POPULATION FOR THE GAY COMMUNITY. 923 00:53:42,000 --> 00:53:47,000 t CERTAINLY, WHEN I CAME OUT IN SAN FRANCISCO, INTO THE BARS 924 00:53:47,000 --> 00:53:52,000 THERE WERE 20 OR 30 ACTIVE BARS THAT I FOUND AT ANY TIME. 925 00:53:53,000 --> 00:53:56,000 VERY FEW OF THEM WERE GAY-OWNED. 926 00:53:56,000 --> 00:53:58,000 BUT THEY WERE PACKED. 927 00:53:58,000 --> 00:54:00,000 THE FIRST CLUB I WENT TO 928 00:54:00,000 --> 00:54:02,000 WAS THE LAKE SHORE CLUB 929 00:54:02,000 --> 00:54:05,000 WHICH WAS PRIMARILY A LESBIAN CLUB. 930 00:54:05,000 --> 00:54:08,000 IT WAS A PLACE, OF COURSE, TO MEET. 931 00:54:08,000 --> 00:54:13,000 IT THE FIRST YEAR I CAME OUT, SO I WAS THERE A LOT. 932 00:54:13,000 --> 00:54:15,000 YOU DIDN'T GET IN 933 00:54:15,000 --> 00:54:17,000 UNLESS YOU LOOKED GAY 934 00:54:17,000 --> 00:54:22,000 OR YOU WERE BROUGHT BY SOMEBODY WHO WAS GAY. 935 00:54:23,000 --> 00:54:26,000 THERE WERE THE GAY GIRLS' AND BOYS' CLUBS 936 00:54:26,000 --> 00:54:28,000 BUT YOU WERE NEVER KEPT OUT. 937 00:54:28,000 --> 00:54:31,000 I GUESS I WENT TO SEE CARROLL 938 00:54:31,000 --> 00:54:33,000 EVERY PLACE THAT HE APPEARED. 939 00:54:33,000 --> 00:54:37,000 WROTE MOST OF MY MATERIAL! 940 00:54:37,000 --> 00:54:38,000 THERE'S NOT A BODY IN THIS WORLD 941 00:54:38,000 --> 00:54:40,000 THAT CAN GET ME TO SAY ONE WORD ABOUT HER. 942 00:54:40,000 --> 00:54:41,000 SHE'S WHAT SHE IS 943 00:54:41,000 --> 00:54:43,000 AND OF COURSE, SHE'LL NEVER MEND. 944 00:54:43,000 --> 00:54:45,000 SHE'S AN INTRO-ULTRA-EXTROVERT. 945 00:54:45,000 --> 00:54:48,000 SHE'S MY MOST INTIMATE FRIEND. 946 00:54:48,000 --> 00:54:50,000 I KNOW SHE'S DISEASED. 947 00:54:50,000 --> 00:54:51,000 I KNOW SHE'S INSANE. 948 00:54:51,000 --> 00:54:55,000 I KNOW SHE CAN ONLY BE APPEASED WITH A LASH AND CHAMPAGNE. 949 00:54:55,000 --> 00:54:58,000 I KNOW THAT MR. WELLESLEY FIRED HER FOR HER ACTIONS 950 00:54:58,000 --> 00:54:59,000 WITH THE GIRLS. 951 00:54:59,000 --> 00:55:01,000 AND I KNOW WHAT INSPIRED HER TO POISON HER MOTHER-- 952 00:55:01,000 --> 00:55:02,000 SHE WANTED THE PEARLS. 953 00:55:02,000 --> 00:55:04,000 I KNOW ALL ABOUT THE STALLION 954 00:55:04,000 --> 00:55:06,000 THAT SHE LEFT TOO WEAK TO WALK. 955 00:55:06,000 --> 00:55:09,000 AND I KNOW ABOUT MISS LEGALIUM, THOUGH THAT WAS ONLY TALK. 956 00:55:09,000 --> 00:55:12,000 IN FACT, I KNOW A LOT OF THINGS THAT I COULD TELL, IF I WOULD 957 00:55:12,000 --> 00:55:13,000 BUT I GOSSIP, I NEVER WILL END. 958 00:55:13,000 --> 00:55:17,000 WILD HORSES COULDN'T DRAG ONE WORD FROM MY MOUTH. 959 00:55:17,000 --> 00:55:19,000 AFTER ALL, SHE'S MY MOST INTIMATE FRIEND. 960 00:55:19,000 --> 00:55:22,000 t ( applause ) 961 00:55:22,000 --> 00:55:25,000 CARROLL DAVIS WAS A VERY IMPORTANT ENTERTAINER. 962 00:55:25,000 --> 00:55:29,000 BUT ENTERTAINERS ARE ALWAYS A LITTLE BIT LIKE GOD. 963 00:55:29,000 --> 00:55:31,000 THEY STAND OFF. 964 00:55:31,000 --> 00:55:34,000 A DIFFERENT LIGHT SHINES ON THE. 965 00:55:34,000 --> 00:55:37,000 ♪ YOU MUST BE LADIES... 966 00:55:37,000 --> 00:55:41,000 Chorus: ♪ DON'T WORRY, MISS COWL. 967 00:55:41,000 --> 00:55:45,000 ♪ MERRILY, WE APPEAR ON THE SCENE ♪ 968 00:55:45,000 --> 00:55:48,000 ♪ HOSTESSES ON THE STAGE DOOR CANTEEN ♪ 969 00:55:48,000 --> 00:55:52,000 ♪ ENTERTAINING SOLDIERS WHO ARE GOING OFF TO WAR ♪ 970 00:55:52,000 --> 00:55:56,000 ♪ GLAD TO BE OF SERVICE, BUT WE COULD DO MUCH MORE. ♪ 971 00:55:56,000 --> 00:56:00,000 ♪ WE COULD DO MORE FOR THE BOYS ♪ 972 00:56:00,000 --> 00:56:02,000 ♪ AND GREATLY ADD TO THEIR JOYS. ♪ 973 00:56:02,000 --> 00:56:05,000 ♪ BUT WE DON'T GET VERY FAR 974 00:56:05,000 --> 00:56:06,000 ♪ WE TAKE AN OATH WHEN WE ENLIST ♪ 975 00:56:06,000 --> 00:56:08,000 ♪ TO NEVER BE FOUND... 976 00:56:08,000 --> 00:56:13,000 ♪ CANOOZING AROUND WITH A SOLDIER. ♪ 977 00:56:14,000 --> 00:56:17,000 Streiker: THEY WERE ALL THE FAMOUS DRAG QUEENS. 978 00:56:17,000 --> 00:56:20,000 RATHER THAN PUT THEM IN THE REGULAR ARMY 979 00:56:20,000 --> 00:56:22,000 THEY PUT THEM IN THIS DRAG SHOW. 980 00:56:22,000 --> 00:56:25,000 AND THEY TRAVELED ALL OVER THE U.S. 981 00:56:25,000 --> 00:56:30,000 AND THEN THEY MADE A MOVIE, AND IT WAS ALL A BIG HIT. 982 00:56:32,000 --> 00:56:34,000 MISS COWL... 983 00:56:34,000 --> 00:56:35,000 MISS COWL... 984 00:56:35,000 --> 00:56:37,000 OH, MISS COWL. 985 00:56:37,000 --> 00:56:40,000 Streiker: IN THAT SENSE, THEY WERE OUT OF THE CLOSET 986 00:56:40,000 --> 00:56:45,000 BUT NOBODY WOULD EVER HINT THESE MEN WERE GAY MEN. 987 00:56:46,000 --> 00:56:50,000 THEY WERE JUST IN A SHOW, JUST ENTERTAINERS. 988 00:56:50,000 --> 00:56:55,000 Buse: THE EFFECT OF WORLD WAR II WAS REALLY TRULY PROFOUND. 989 00:56:56,000 --> 00:57:00,000 OUR COUNTRY WILL NEVER AGAIN BE WHAT IT WAS BEFORE THAT WAR 990 00:57:00,000 --> 00:57:02,000 BECAUSE GAY PEOPLE RECOGNIZED 991 00:57:02,000 --> 00:57:05,000 THERE WERE OTHERS LIKE THEMSELVES. 992 00:57:05,000 --> 00:57:08,000 EVEN THOUGH WE WERE TOTALLY CLOSETED 993 00:57:08,000 --> 00:57:11,000 THERE WAS A CERTAIN PERCEPTION 994 00:57:11,000 --> 00:57:14,000 THAT WE WEREN'T AT LEAST GEOGRAPHICALLY ISOLATED. 995 00:57:14,000 --> 00:57:17,000 Washington is jubilant. 996 00:57:17,000 --> 00:57:19,000 People sing and dance 997 00:57:19,000 --> 00:57:23,000 in the biggest celebration Chicago has ever seen. 998 00:57:23,000 --> 00:57:28,000 Joy is unconfined. 999 00:57:30,000 --> 00:57:32,000 r Narrator: MANY OF THE LESBIANS AND GAY MEN 1000 00:57:32,000 --> 00:57:37,000 WHO SERVED THEIR COUNTRY SETTLED IN THE PORT CITIES. 1001 00:57:37,000 --> 00:57:38,000 THERE THEY COULD DISTANCE THEMSELVES 1002 00:57:38,000 --> 00:57:40,000 FROM THEIR CRITICAL FAMILIES 1003 00:57:40,000 --> 00:57:43,000 AND SEEK COMPANIONSHIP 1004 00:57:43,000 --> 00:57:47,000 WITHIN AMERICA'S GROWING URBAN GAY POPULATION. 1005 00:57:47,000 --> 00:57:50,000 And what does he want? 1006 00:57:50,000 --> 00:57:53,000 Most of all, he wants a job. 1007 00:57:53,000 --> 00:57:56,000 A stake in the American future. 1008 00:57:56,000 --> 00:57:58,000 Narrator: MALE VETERANS RECLAIMED THEIR JOBS 1009 00:57:58,000 --> 00:58:01,000 AND RECEIVED ECONOMIC AND EDUCATIONAL BENEFITS 1010 00:58:01,000 --> 00:58:03,000 UNDER THE G.I. BILL. 1011 00:58:03,000 --> 00:58:07,000 BUT WOMEN WERE FORCED BACK INTO TRADITIONAL ROLES 1012 00:58:07,000 --> 00:58:09,000 LOSING THE ECONOMIC GAINS MADE. 1013 00:58:09,000 --> 00:58:14,000 LIBERAL IDEAS IN THE ARTS AND SCIENCES EMERGED 1014 00:58:14,000 --> 00:58:18,000 AGAINST THIS BACKDROP OF GROWING SOCIAL CONSERVATISM. 1015 00:58:18,000 --> 00:58:21,000 Vilas: FOLLOWING THE WAR-- 1016 00:58:21,000 --> 00:58:25,000 THE FIRST COUPLE OF YEARS I WAS IN COLLEGE-- 1017 00:58:25,000 --> 00:58:28,000 THERE WAS A BIG UPSURGE OF LIBERALISM. 1018 00:58:28,000 --> 00:58:32,000 I CAN'T NECESSARILY TIE THIS WITH THE GAY SCENE 1019 00:58:32,000 --> 00:58:37,000 BUT THERE WERE THE BEGINNINGS OF CIVIL RIGHTS MOVEMENTS. 1020 00:58:40,000 --> 00:58:44,000 E ENTIRE PLANET IN TWAS THREATENED BIOLOGICALLY. 1021 00:58:44,000 --> 00:58:45,000 THERE WAS RECOVERY 1022 00:58:45,000 --> 00:58:48,000 FROM THE BREAKDOWN OF ALL MORALITY 1023 00:58:48,000 --> 00:58:51,000 IN THE CONCENTRATION CAMPS. 1024 00:58:51,000 --> 00:58:53,000 FOR THOSE OF US WHO WERE HOMOSEXUALS 1025 00:58:53,000 --> 00:58:57,000 IT WAS THE REALIZATION, WHY ARE WE BEING INTIMIDATED 1026 00:58:57,000 --> 00:59:01,000 BY A BUNCH OF JERKS WHO DON'T KNOW ANYTHING ABOUT LIFE? 1027 00:59:01,000 --> 00:59:03,000 WHY TAKE ALL THAT BULLSHIT? 1028 00:59:03,000 --> 00:59:07,000 WHY NOT DISH IT BACK AND START TALKING OPENLY? 1029 00:59:07,000 --> 00:59:08,000 LATE AT NIGHT 1030 00:59:08,000 --> 00:59:12,000 AT THEATERS THAT WERE OFF THE BEATEN TRACK-- 1031 00:59:12,000 --> 00:59:16,000 USUALLY, THE MARQUEES WERE TURNED OFF 1032 00:59:16,000 --> 00:59:18,000 AND IT WAS FAIRLY DARK-- 1033 00:59:18,000 --> 00:59:23,000 THEY'D SHOW THESE FAIRLY SCRATCHY BLACK AND WHITE FILMS 1034 00:59:24,000 --> 00:59:28,000 THAT TURNED OUT TO BE KENNETH ANGER FILMS 1035 00:59:28,000 --> 00:59:31,000 THAT DID HAVE GAY OVERTONES-- 1036 00:59:31,000 --> 00:59:34,000 SOMETIMES MORE THAN OVERTONES-- 1037 00:59:34,000 --> 00:59:38,000 AND I GUESS THEY WERE THE FORERUNNERS 1038 00:59:38,000 --> 00:59:41,000 OF WHAT GAY FILMS TURNED OUT TO BE. 1039 00:59:41,000 --> 00:59:46,000 THE OLD BOHEMIAN WIDE-OPEN MIND TRADITION 1040 00:59:46,000 --> 00:59:49,000 BURST OUT INTO MASS CULTURE 1041 00:59:49,000 --> 00:59:53,000 SOMETIME IN THE LATE '40s AND EARLY '50s. 1042 00:59:53,000 --> 00:59:54,000 A NUMBER OF BOOKS 1043 00:59:54,000 --> 00:59:57,000 THAT MAY NOT BE REMEMBERED NOW 1044 00:59:57,000 --> 01:00:02,000 WERE INSTRUMENTAL IN OPENING UP AMERICAN SENSIBILITY. 1045 01:00:02,000 --> 01:00:03,000 Narrator: AMONG THOSE BOOKS WERE 1046 01:00:03,000 --> 01:00:06,000 GORE VIDAL'S CITY IN THE PILLAR 1047 01:00:06,000 --> 01:00:11,000 AND DONALD CORY'S THE HOMOSEXUAL IN AMERICA. 1048 01:00:11,000 --> 01:00:14,000 Ginsberg: IT WAS A CULTURAL SCENE. 1049 01:00:14,000 --> 01:00:15,000 KEROUAC AND BURROUGHS 1050 01:00:15,000 --> 01:00:19,000 AND HERBERT HUNKY, A FRIEND OF BURROUGH'S 1051 01:00:19,000 --> 01:00:23,000 NOW A WRITER, THEN A HUSTLING JUNKIE ON TIMES SQUARE 1052 01:00:23,000 --> 01:00:27,000 WHO WAS WORKING WITH DR. KINSEY AS KINSEY'S INFORMANT 1053 01:00:27,000 --> 01:00:31,000 FOR THE FLOATING POPULATION OF TIMES SQUARE 1054 01:00:31,000 --> 01:00:33,000 SO THAT WE ALL AND MANY FRIENDS 1055 01:00:33,000 --> 01:00:36,000 ARE INTEGRATED INTO THE FIRST STATISTICS 1056 01:00:36,000 --> 01:00:38,000 OF THE KINSEY REPORT. 1057 01:00:38,000 --> 01:00:40,000 HOMOSEXUALITY WAS THOUGHT TO BE 1058 01:00:40,000 --> 01:00:43,000 A COMPARATIVELY RARE PHENOMENON 1059 01:00:43,000 --> 01:00:44,000 UNTIL KINSEY CAME ALONG 1060 01:00:44,000 --> 01:00:47,000 AND PROVIDED GOOD EVIDENCE 1061 01:00:47,000 --> 01:00:52,000 THAT ACTUALLY THERE WERE ROUGHLY 20 MILLION GAY PEOPLE. 1062 01:00:52,000 --> 01:00:57,000 THAT WAS IMPORTANT BECAUSE IT GAVE GREAT HOPE 1063 01:00:57,000 --> 01:00:59,000 TO GAY PEOPLE AND LESBIANS 1064 01:00:59,000 --> 01:01:01,000 BECAUSE THEY REALIZED 1065 01:01:01,000 --> 01:01:06,000 THEY WERE A VERY SIZEABLE PROPORTION OF THE POPULATION. 1066 01:01:07,000 --> 01:01:08,000 THE FEELING CREATED 1067 01:01:08,000 --> 01:01:10,000 WAS YOU COULD WALK 1068 01:01:10,000 --> 01:01:11,000 DOWN THE STREET 1069 01:01:11,000 --> 01:01:13,000 AND OH, MY HEAVENS! 1070 01:01:13,000 --> 01:01:18,000 ONE OF OUT OR TWENTY MIGHT BE HAVING THOSE FEELINGS. 1071 01:01:18,000 --> 01:01:23,000 IT MADE IT IMPOSSIBLE FOR PEOPLE TO THINK ABOUT HOMOSEXUALITY 1072 01:01:23,000 --> 01:01:25,000 IN THE OLD WAYS-- 1073 01:01:25,000 --> 01:01:28,000 THAT IT WAS SOMETHING OVER THERE. 1074 01:01:28,000 --> 01:01:30,000 THERE WAS SUCH A TURNAROUND 1075 01:01:30,000 --> 01:01:33,000 SHORTLY AFTER THE '48 ELECTIONS. 1076 01:01:33,000 --> 01:01:37,000 AND THEN IN CAME SENATOR McCARTHY 1077 01:01:37,000 --> 01:01:41,000 AND THE COUNTRY SLIPPED INTO THE DARK AGES. 1078 01:01:41,000 --> 01:01:46,000 YOU'VE BEEN HERE TRYING TO SMEAR THE STAFF OF THIS COMMITTEE-- 1079 01:01:47,000 --> 01:01:52,000 THE YOUNG MEN WHO HAVE BEEN WORKING TO UNCOVER COMMUNISTS. 1080 01:01:52,000 --> 01:01:53,000 APPARENTLY 1081 01:01:53,000 --> 01:01:55,000 EVERY TIME ANYBODY SAYS ANYTHING 1082 01:01:55,000 --> 01:01:57,000 AGAINST ANYBODY 1083 01:01:57,000 --> 01:02:00,000 WORKING FOR SENATOR McCARTHY 1084 01:02:00,000 --> 01:02:02,000 HE ACCUSES THEM OF COMMUNISM. 1085 01:02:02,000 --> 01:02:06,000 Buse: PEOPLE WERE LOOKING FOR ENEMIES EVERYWHERE. 1086 01:02:06,000 --> 01:02:09,000 NOT JUST COMMUNISTS, BUT QUEERS. 1087 01:02:09,000 --> 01:02:11,000 ANYBODY WHO WAS DEVIANT. 1088 01:02:11,000 --> 01:02:14,000 PEOPLE WHO WERE DISSIDENTS OF ANY KIND 1089 01:02:14,000 --> 01:02:17,000 SEXUALLY, SOCIALLY, POLITICALLY. 1090 01:02:17,000 --> 01:02:22,000 AND THEY WERE LOOKING FOR PEOPLE LIKE THIS UNDER EVERY BED 1091 01:02:22,000 --> 01:02:26,000 AND AROUND EVERY CORNER AND BEHIND EVERY DOOR. 1092 01:02:26,000 --> 01:02:27,000 RIGHT ABOUT '48 1093 01:02:27,000 --> 01:02:30,000 THEY BEGAN TO KICK GUYS 1094 01:02:30,000 --> 01:02:32,000 OUT OF THE STATE DEPARTMENT 1095 01:02:32,000 --> 01:02:36,000 FOR BEING GAY. 1096 01:02:36,000 --> 01:02:38,000 BETWEEN COMMUNISTS THEY WERAND GAY PEOPLEONNECTION 1097 01:02:38,000 --> 01:02:42,000 AND MAKING THE SUGGESTION THAT THE SOVIET UNION 1098 01:02:42,000 --> 01:02:45,000 WAS USING GAY PEOPLE AS SPIES 1099 01:02:45,000 --> 01:02:48,000 BECAUSE THEY WERE AFRAID OF BLACKMAIL 1100 01:02:48,000 --> 01:02:50,000 SO THEY WERE A DANGER 1101 01:02:50,000 --> 01:02:51,000 IN THE GOVERNMENT. 1102 01:02:51,000 --> 01:02:54,000 I CAME TO THE DEPARTMENT IN 1951 1103 01:02:54,000 --> 01:02:57,000 AND I WAS INVOLVED THERE 1104 01:02:57,000 --> 01:02:59,000 IN CONTINUING INVESTIGATIONS. 1105 01:02:59,000 --> 01:03:04,000 THE EASIEST TARGET FOR FOREIGN INTELLIGENCE SOURCES 1106 01:03:05,000 --> 01:03:10,000 AND FOR FOREIGN INTELLIGENCE AGENCIES WAS SEX. 1107 01:03:10,000 --> 01:03:13,000 Women and girls are sent out 1108 01:03:13,000 --> 01:03:15,000 according to carefully laid plans 1109 01:03:15,000 --> 01:03:18,000 to brothels, to bars, and to the streets 1110 01:03:18,000 --> 01:03:22,000 where they spread venereal disease and disorder 1111 01:03:22,000 --> 01:03:27,000 among those upon whom the defense of the nation depends. 1112 01:03:27,000 --> 01:03:31,000 Dangerous agents take a large part of the money collected 1113 01:03:31,000 --> 01:03:33,000 by the women they exploit. 1114 01:03:33,000 --> 01:03:37,000 McCARTHY MADE ONE FEEL THAT A GAY PERSON 1115 01:03:37,000 --> 01:03:39,000 WAS LIKE A MATA HARI. 1116 01:03:39,000 --> 01:03:41,000 DID YOU THINK 1117 01:03:41,000 --> 01:03:45,000 THIS CAME FROM A PIXIE? 1118 01:03:45,000 --> 01:03:49,000 DID THIS COME FROM A PIXIE? 1119 01:03:49,000 --> 01:03:52,000 WOULD COUNSEL, FOR MY BENEFIT, DEFINE-- 1120 01:03:52,000 --> 01:03:55,000 I THINK HE MIGHT BE AN EXPERT ON THAT-- 1121 01:03:55,000 --> 01:03:56,000 x WHAT A PIXIE IS. 1122 01:03:56,000 --> 01:03:58,000 I SHOULD SAY, MR. SENATOR 1123 01:03:58,000 --> 01:04:03,000 THAT A PIXIE IS A CLOSE RELATIVE OF A FAIRY. 1124 01:04:07,000 --> 01:04:08,000 Clarke: HEARINGS WERE HELD 1125 01:04:08,000 --> 01:04:12,000 WITH RESPECT TO DEVELOPING AN EXECUTIVE ORDER 1126 01:04:12,000 --> 01:04:16,000 SCREENING PERSONNEL COMING INTO GOVERNMENT. 1127 01:04:16,000 --> 01:04:20,000 AND THIS EXECUTIVE ORDER WAS EXECUTIVE ORDER 10450. 1128 01:04:20,000 --> 01:04:23,000 E.O. 10450 OUTLINED A FACT 1129 01:04:23,000 --> 01:04:27,000 THAT A PERSON WHO HAD A TOP-SECRET CLEARANCE 1130 01:04:27,000 --> 01:04:31,000 COULD NOT CONTINUE AFTER HAVING A KNOWLEDGED INVOLVEMENT 1131 01:04:31,000 --> 01:04:34,000 IN HOMOSEXUAL ACTIVITIES. 1132 01:04:34,000 --> 01:04:36,000 t THERE'S NORM AN INVESTIGATION 1133 01:04:36,000 --> 01:04:39,000 DURING YOUR FIRST YEAR. 1134 01:04:39,000 --> 01:04:42,000 DURING MINE, THEY SAID, "WE HAVE INFORMATION 1135 01:04:42,000 --> 01:04:46,000 "THAT LEADS US TO BELIEVE THAT YOU'RE A HOMOSEXUAL. 1136 01:04:46,000 --> 01:04:48,000 DO YOU HAVE ANY COMMENT?" 1137 01:04:48,000 --> 01:04:51,000 AND I SAID, "WHAT'S THE INFORMATION?" 1138 01:04:51,000 --> 01:04:54,000 AND THEY SAID, "WE CAN'T REVEAL OUR SOURCES." 1139 01:04:54,000 --> 01:04:59,000 THE SOURCES OF OUR INFORMATION ON THESE PEOPLE GENERALLY CAME 1140 01:05:01,000 --> 01:05:04,000 FROM A CO-PARTICIPANT. 1141 01:05:04,000 --> 01:05:06,000 WE WERE FORTUNATE IN THAT 1142 01:05:06,000 --> 01:05:09,000 WHEN WE INTERVIEWED SOME OF THESE PEOPLE 1143 01:05:09,000 --> 01:05:14,000 WHICH WE WERE REQUIRED TO DO BEFORE THEY LEFT THE DEPARTMENT 1144 01:05:14,000 --> 01:05:17,000 THAT THEY FURNISHED US WITH A LONG LIST OF NAMES 1145 01:05:17,000 --> 01:05:20,000 OF OTHERS WHO WERE SIMILARLY INVOLVED. 1146 01:05:20,000 --> 01:05:24,000 AND IN THOSE DAYS HOMOSEXUALITY AS SUCH 1147 01:05:24,000 --> 01:05:29,000 WAS ITSELF A BASIS FOR EXCLUSION FROM THE CIVIL SERVICE 1148 01:05:29,000 --> 01:05:33,000 AND BY THE END OF THE YEAR 1149 01:05:33,000 --> 01:05:34,000 I WAS OUT. 1150 01:05:34,000 --> 01:05:35,000 WE OFFER THEM 1151 01:05:35,000 --> 01:05:39,000 AN OPPORTUNITY OF FACING A BOARD HEARING 1152 01:05:39,000 --> 01:05:41,000 WITH THE DEPARTMENT BEFORE THEY WENT. 1153 01:05:41,000 --> 01:05:45,000 WE OFFER THEM AN OPPORTUNITY TO RESIGN. 1154 01:05:45,000 --> 01:05:48,000 I DON'T THINK WE HAD TEN HEARINGS. 1155 01:05:48,000 --> 01:05:52,000 AND WE SEPARATED 900 TO 1,000 EMPLOYEES 1156 01:05:52,000 --> 01:05:54,000 OF THE DEPARTMENT OF STATE. 1157 01:05:54,000 --> 01:05:58,000 SO, I FOLLOWED THE FORMAL APPEAL PROCEDURES 1158 01:05:58,000 --> 01:06:00,000 WHICH WENT UP A FEW STEPS 1159 01:06:00,000 --> 01:06:04,000 AND SINCE I ALWAYS FOLLOW AVENUES TO THEIR END 1160 01:06:04,000 --> 01:06:07,000 I APPEALED IT UP TO THE WHITE HOUSE. 1161 01:06:07,000 --> 01:06:09,000 WE GOT NOWHERE THERE. 1162 01:06:09,000 --> 01:06:12,000 I ATTEMPTED TO APPEAL IT TO THE HOUSE AND SENATE 1163 01:06:12,000 --> 01:06:15,000 WHICH WERE NOT TERRIBLY SYMPATHETIC. 1164 01:06:15,000 --> 01:06:18,000 DOWN THROUGH THE YEARS WE'VE HAD MANY, MANY CASES 1165 01:06:18,000 --> 01:06:21,000 BUT ONLY ONE CASE TO MY KNOWLEDGE 1166 01:06:21,000 --> 01:06:25,000 WHERE AN INDIVIDUAL AFTER HIS INTERVIEWS WITH US 1167 01:06:25,000 --> 01:06:28,000 WENT OUT AND COMMITTED SUICIDE. 1168 01:06:28,000 --> 01:06:30,000 NOW, MR. ADAMS 1169 01:06:30,000 --> 01:06:33,000 SUBVERSIVES, HOMOSEXUALS 1170 01:06:33,000 --> 01:06:38,000 IN THE AIR FORCE AND IN THE NAVY... 1171 01:06:38,000 --> 01:06:42,000 Woman: I WAS IN SERVICE DURING THE McCARTHY ERA. 1172 01:06:42,000 --> 01:06:46,000 THE O.S.I. STARTED AN INVESTIGATION OF ME 1173 01:06:46,000 --> 01:06:48,000 BECAUSE SOME WOMEN I'D BEEN ASSOCIATING WITH 1174 01:06:48,000 --> 01:06:51,000 WERE UNDER INVESTIGATION FOR HOMOSEXUALITY. 1175 01:06:51,000 --> 01:06:54,000 THERE WERE ALWAYS THREE MEN THERE. 1176 01:06:54,000 --> 01:06:57,000 ONE OF THEM WOULD ASK THE QUESTIONS 1177 01:06:57,000 --> 01:07:02,000 ONE WOULD WATCH MY REACTIONS, AND THE OTHER ONE TOOK NOTES. 1178 01:07:02,000 --> 01:07:04,000 I'M NOT EASILY INTIMIDATED 1179 01:07:04,000 --> 01:07:08,000 BUT I WAS TOTALLY INTIMIDATED BY THESE MEN. 1180 01:07:08,000 --> 01:07:11,000 THIS WENT ON ABOUT TEN MONTHS. 1181 01:07:11,000 --> 01:07:12,000 I WAS AT AN EMOTIONAL 1182 01:07:12,000 --> 01:07:16,000 A PHYSICAL AND A MENTAL BREAKING POINT. 1183 01:07:16,000 --> 01:07:19,000 IT WAS EITHER TELL THEM AND GET OUT NOW 1184 01:07:19,000 --> 01:07:22,000 OR SEE MYSELF IN SOME HOSPITAL. 1185 01:07:22,000 --> 01:07:23,000 WHEN I FINALLY AGREED 1186 01:07:23,000 --> 01:07:27,000 TO SIGN THE PAPER THEY WANTED ME TO SIGN 1187 01:07:27,000 --> 01:07:31,000 I HAD TO INCRIMINATE THIS WOMAN SEXUALLY WITH MYSELF. 1188 01:07:31,000 --> 01:07:36,000 THEIR PROMISES WERE THAT I WOULD GET A GENERAL DISCHARGE 1189 01:07:36,000 --> 01:07:41,000 AND THAT THEY WOULD MAKE NO CONTACT WITH THIS FAMILY 1190 01:07:41,000 --> 01:07:43,000 BECAUSE IT WAS IMPORTANT 1191 01:07:43,000 --> 01:07:46,000 THAT HER PARENTS NOT KNOW ANYTHING. 1192 01:07:46,000 --> 01:07:49,000 BOTH OF THESE CONDITIONS WERE VIOLATED: 1193 01:07:49,000 --> 01:07:52,000 I GOT NEITHER A GENERAL DISCHARGE 1194 01:07:52,000 --> 01:07:56,000 NOR DID TH KEEP THEIR DISTANCE FROM THAT FAMILY. 1195 01:07:56,000 --> 01:07:59,000 THAT GIRL WILL STILL NOT TALK TO ME. 1196 01:07:59,000 --> 01:08:03,000 I ENTERED THE SERVICE AS AN INTEGRATED PERSONALITY 1197 01:08:03,000 --> 01:08:07,000 TOTALLY ADJUSTED, CONFIDENT, CAPABLE 1198 01:08:07,000 --> 01:08:09,000 AND I CAME OUT OF THE SERVICE 1199 01:08:09,000 --> 01:08:13,000 DISINTEGRATED AND WITH NO SELF-IMAGE 1200 01:08:13,000 --> 01:08:17,000 NO PROSPECTS FOR A SECURE OR A PROFITABLE TOMORROW 1201 01:08:17,000 --> 01:08:22,000 AND IN A SORT OF LIMBO. 1202 01:08:27,000 --> 01:08:30,000 Today is a high point in the romance of Bob and Mary. 1203 01:08:30,000 --> 01:08:34,000 For them, the future looks bright. 1204 01:08:34,000 --> 01:08:38,000 Vilas: I ASSUMED I HAD TO GET MARRIED. 1205 01:08:38,000 --> 01:08:40,000 IT WAS JUST SO PERVASIVE. 1206 01:08:40,000 --> 01:08:44,000 THE ENTIRE ECONOMY WAS GEARED TO THIS. 1207 01:08:44,000 --> 01:08:46,000 IT WAS A PERIOD OF GROWTH. 1208 01:08:46,000 --> 01:08:49,000 HOMES WERE ALL GOING UP AROUND PALO ALTO 1209 01:08:49,000 --> 01:08:51,000 WHERE I WAS AT THE TIME. 1210 01:08:51,000 --> 01:08:54,000 THREE-BEDROOM HOMES WERE THE THING 1211 01:08:54,000 --> 01:08:59,000 AND YOU WONDERED HOW YOU WERE GOING TO GET YOUR FOUR CHILDREN 1212 01:08:59,000 --> 01:09:01,000 INTO THREE-BEDROOM HOMES. 1213 01:09:01,000 --> 01:09:06,000 ALMOST EVERYBODY I KNEW BOUGHT INTO THIS. 1214 01:09:06,000 --> 01:09:09,000 ♪ LITTLE BOXES ON THE HILLSIDE ♪ 1215 01:09:09,000 --> 01:09:12,000 ♪ LITTLE BOXES MADE OF TICKY-TACKY ♪ 1216 01:09:12,000 --> 01:09:14,000 ♪ LITTLE BOXES ON THE HILLSIDE ♪ 1217 01:09:14,000 --> 01:09:17,000 ♪ LITTLE BOXES ALL THE SAME 1218 01:09:17,000 --> 01:09:20,000 ♪ THERE'S A PINK ONE, AND A GREEN ONE ♪ 1219 01:09:20,000 --> 01:09:22,000 ♪ AND A BLUE ONE AND A YELLOW ONE ♪ 1220 01:09:22,000 --> 01:09:25,000 ♪ AND THEY'RE ALL MADE OUT OF TICKY-TACKY ♪ 1221 01:09:25,000 --> 01:09:30,000 ♪ AND THEY ALL LOOK JUST THE SAME. ♪ 1222 01:09:31,000 --> 01:09:33,000 I TRIED MARRIAGE. 1223 01:09:33,000 --> 01:09:38,000 I TRIED TO ACT LIKE I SAW ALL OTHER WOMEN ACTING. 1224 01:09:39,000 --> 01:09:41,000 The hand with the soft touch 1225 01:09:41,000 --> 01:09:45,000 holds her man in the palm of her hand 1226 01:09:45,000 --> 01:09:50,000 because a man is a soft touch for that soft touch. 1227 01:09:53,000 --> 01:09:55,000 Grier: THIRTY YEARS AGO GAY PEOPLE MARRIED 1228 01:09:55,000 --> 01:09:59,000 BECAUSE OF SOCIAL PRESSURE. 1229 01:09:59,000 --> 01:10:03,000 AND 100 YEARS AGO IT WAS VIRTUALLY MANDATORY. 1230 01:10:03,000 --> 01:10:08,000 YOU EITHER WERE A CHARITY CASE IN YOUR OWN FAMILY 1231 01:10:08,000 --> 01:10:09,000 OR YOU MARRIED 1232 01:10:09,000 --> 01:10:13,000 BECAUSE THERE WERE VERY FEW THINGS A WOMAN COULD DO. 1233 01:10:13,000 --> 01:10:17,000 I WOULD HAVE TO SAY THAT IT'S HOMOSEXUAL PANIC. 1234 01:10:17,000 --> 01:10:20,000 I'D CERTAINLY MANAGED TO CONVINCE MYSELF 1235 01:10:20,000 --> 01:10:22,000 AT THE TIME ANYWAY 1236 01:10:22,000 --> 01:10:26,000 I WAS DOING IT FOR THE APPROPRIATE REASONS: 1237 01:10:26,000 --> 01:10:28,000 I WAS IN LOVE, I WANTED A FAMILY. 1238 01:10:28,000 --> 01:10:30,000 THERE WAS NO ACCEPTANCE. 1239 01:10:30,000 --> 01:10:34,000 YOU DIDN'T HAVE ANY OF THE SECURITY OF BEING MARRIED. 1240 01:10:34,000 --> 01:10:37,000 YOU COULDN'T GO HOME AND SAY 1241 01:10:37,000 --> 01:10:39,000 "MOM, MEET MY WIFE OR MY HUSBAND." 1242 01:10:39,000 --> 01:10:44,000 Narrator: IN 1950, A TIME OF SEVERE POLITICAL AND SOCIAL REPRESSION 1243 01:10:44,000 --> 01:10:47,000 AMERICA'S FIRST ORGANIZATION OF HOMOSEXUALS 1244 01:10:47,000 --> 01:10:49,000 THE MATTACHINE SOCIETY 1245 01:10:49,000 --> 01:10:52,000 WAS FOUNDED BY A SMALL GROUP OF MEN 1246 01:10:52,000 --> 01:10:55,000 INCLUDING HARRY HAY AND CHUCK ROLLINS. 1247 01:10:55,000 --> 01:10:58,000 WE DIDN'T KNOW AT THAT POINT 1248 01:10:58,000 --> 01:11:02,000 THAT THERE HAD EVER BEEN A GAY ORGANIZATION OF ANY SORT 1249 01:11:02,000 --> 01:11:05,000 ANYWHERE IN THE WORLD BEFORE. 1250 01:11:05,000 --> 01:11:08,000 SO HE FELT WE HAD TO BE VERY CAREFUL 1251 01:11:08,000 --> 01:11:11,000 IN EVERYTHING THAT WE DID 1252 01:11:11,000 --> 01:11:13,000 BECAUSE IF WE MADE A MISTAKE 1253 01:11:13,000 --> 01:11:16,000 AND GOT INTO THE PAPERS THE WRONG WAY 1254 01:11:16,000 --> 01:11:18,000 WE COULD HURT 1255 01:11:18,000 --> 01:11:20,000 THE MOVEMENT FOR YEARS. 1256 01:11:20,000 --> 01:11:23,000 WE WERE TERRIFIED OF DOING THAT. 1257 01:11:23,000 --> 01:11:26,000 THE VERY FIRST MEETING FOR THE MOVEMENT 1258 01:11:26,000 --> 01:11:29,000 TOOK PLACE IN SOMEONE'S APARTMENT IN LOS ANGELES 1259 01:11:29,000 --> 01:11:32,000 AND, I'M TOLD, THEY HAD THE DOOR LOCKED 1260 01:11:32,000 --> 01:11:35,000 AND A LOOK-OUT POSTED FOR THE POLICE 1261 01:11:35,000 --> 01:11:38,000 BECAUSE THEY BELIEVED THEY COULD BE ARRESTED 1262 01:11:38,000 --> 01:11:41,000 FOR TALKING ABOUT HOMOSEXUALITY. 1263 01:11:41,000 --> 01:11:43,000 GAY WAS SUPPOSEDLY SOMETHING 1264 01:11:43,000 --> 01:11:45,000 YOU WERE ASHAMED OF. 1265 01:11:45,000 --> 01:11:48,000 IT WAS "THAT PERSON IS A QUEER" OR EVEN WORSE. 1266 01:11:48,000 --> 01:11:51,000 IT WOULDN'T BE TALKED ABOUT. 1267 01:11:51,000 --> 01:11:53,000 TO EVEN THINK OF HAVING RIGHTS-- 1268 01:11:53,000 --> 01:11:57,000 YOU JUST DIDN'T PUT TWO AND TWO TOGETHER. 1269 01:11:57,000 --> 01:11:58,000 YOU JUST SLID BY. 1270 01:11:58,000 --> 01:12:03,000 I FOUND THAT THERE WERE ONLY A FEW WHO WERE THINKING BEYOND 1271 01:12:04,000 --> 01:12:06,000 JUST HAVING A GOOD TIME. 1272 01:12:06,000 --> 01:12:08,000 I HAD AN AUTOMATIC REACTION 1273 01:12:08,000 --> 01:12:10,000 AND HARRY HAY AND OTHERS 1274 01:12:10,000 --> 01:12:14,000 SEEMED TO HAVE AN AUTOMATIC REACTION 1275 01:12:14,000 --> 01:12:19,000 THAT THIS IS A SOCIAL PROBLEM THAT NEEDS TO BE DEALT WITH. 1276 01:12:19,000 --> 01:12:24,000 I'M THINKING OF THIS IN '48 AND I WRITE ALL THIS DOWN 1277 01:12:24,000 --> 01:12:28,000 THEN I START LOOKING FOR PEOPLE WHO'LL JOIN ME. 1278 01:12:28,000 --> 01:12:31,000 AND IT'S NOT UNTIL JULY OF 1950 1279 01:12:31,000 --> 01:12:33,000 THAT I MEET RUDY 1280 01:12:33,000 --> 01:12:35,000 AND HE SAYS, "WOW, ME, TOO." 1281 01:12:35,000 --> 01:12:38,000 I LOOKED AT IT WITH DELIGHT 1282 01:12:38,000 --> 01:12:42,000 AND SAID, "I COULD HAVE WRITTEN THIS MYSELF." 1283 01:12:42,000 --> 01:12:44,000 AND THAT WAS THE BEGINNING. 1284 01:12:44,000 --> 01:12:47,000 IT WAS MY FIRST OPPORTUNITY 1285 01:12:47,000 --> 01:12:51,000 TO MEET OTHER GAY MEN IN A SOCIAL SETTING 1286 01:12:51,000 --> 01:12:55,000 AND TO EXCHANGE THE PAIN THAT WE'VE KNOWN 1287 01:12:55,000 --> 01:12:58,000 AND WE HELPED EACH OTHER COME TO THE REALIZATION 1288 01:12:58,000 --> 01:13:01,000 THAT WE'RE GOOD PEOPLE. 1289 01:13:01,000 --> 01:13:04,000 Narrator: IN ADDITION TO SPONSORING DISCUSSION GROUPS 1290 01:13:04,000 --> 01:13:06,000 AND FIGHTING POLICE ENTRAPMENT 1291 01:13:06,000 --> 01:13:10,000 SOME MEMBERS BEGAN AMERICA'S FIRST HOMOSEXUAL MAGAZINES 1292 01:13:10,000 --> 01:13:12,000 MATTACHINE REVIEW AND ONE. 1293 01:13:12,000 --> 01:13:15,000 Ginsberg: ONE AND MATTACHINE REVIEW WERE GREAT. 1294 01:13:15,000 --> 01:13:19,000 THEY CAME "LITERARILY" OUT OF THE CLOSET 1295 01:13:19,000 --> 01:13:23,000 AND SAID, "WE ARE WRITING A MAGAZINE FOR GAY PEOPLE." 1296 01:13:23,000 --> 01:13:27,000 IT WAS THE ONLY PLACE IN PUBLIC YOU COULD TALK ABOUT BEING GAY. 1297 01:13:27,000 --> 01:13:29,000 Narrator: MATTACHINE WAS INSTRUMENTAL 1298 01:13:29,000 --> 01:13:32,000 IN HELPING PSYCHOLOGIST EVELYN HOOKER 1299 01:13:32,000 --> 01:13:34,000 FIND WELL-ADJUSTED HOMOSEXUAL MEN 1300 01:13:34,000 --> 01:13:37,000 FOR HER GROUNDBREAKING STUDIES. 1301 01:13:37,000 --> 01:13:40,000 THERE WAS ABSOLUTELY NOTHING 1302 01:13:40,000 --> 01:13:44,000 IN THE PSYCHIATRIC OR PSYCHOLOGICAL LITERATURE 1303 01:13:44,000 --> 01:13:48,000 WHICH CONCERNED WELL-FUNCTIONING GAY MALES. 1304 01:13:48,000 --> 01:13:52,000 I SET OUT TO COLLECT A GROUP OF GAY MALES 1305 01:13:52,000 --> 01:13:56,000 WHO WERE FUNCTIONING COMPARATIVELY WELL 1306 01:13:56,000 --> 01:13:58,000 WHO WERE GAINFULLY EMPLOYED 1307 01:13:58,000 --> 01:14:02,000 WERE NOT IN PSYCHOLOGICAL TREATMENT 1308 01:14:02,000 --> 01:14:03,000 AND COMPARE THEM 1309 01:14:03,000 --> 01:14:05,000 WITH HETEROSEXUAL MALES. 1310 01:14:05,000 --> 01:14:08,000 THE RESULTS WERE FANTASTIC-- 1311 01:14:08,000 --> 01:14:11,000 NAMELY THAT THERE WERE ALMOST NO DIFFERENCES 1312 01:14:11,000 --> 01:14:15,000 IN THE PERCENTAGES OF MEN IN EITHER GROUP 1313 01:14:15,000 --> 01:14:17,000 WHO HAD SUPERIOR ADJUSTMENT 1314 01:14:17,000 --> 01:14:20,000 ACCORDING TO MY EXPERT JUDGES. 1315 01:14:20,000 --> 01:14:22,000 Narrator: A HANDFUL OF WOMEN 1316 01:14:22,000 --> 01:14:24,000 INCLUDING DEL MARTIN AND PHYLLIS LYON 1317 01:14:24,000 --> 01:14:26,000 BEGAN "THE DAUGHTERS OF BILITIS." 1318 01:14:26,000 --> 01:14:29,000 IN 1955, IT WAS A WOMAN'S ORGANIZATION 1319 01:14:29,000 --> 01:14:33,000 THAT OFFERED A SUPPORTIVE ATMOSPHERE FOR LESBIANS. 1320 01:14:33,000 --> 01:14:34,000 EDUCATION ON LESBIANISM 1321 01:14:34,000 --> 01:14:37,000 FOR ITS MEMBERS AND THE GENERAL PUBLIC 1322 01:14:37,000 --> 01:14:39,000 WAS ITS PRIMARY GOAL. 1323 01:14:39,000 --> 01:14:44,000 THE FIRST ORGANIZATION I JOINED WAS THE DAUGHTERS OF BILITIS. 1324 01:14:44,000 --> 01:14:47,000 I FIRST RAN INTO THEM IN 1956. 1325 01:14:47,000 --> 01:14:52,000 I HAD BEEN TOLD ABOUT THE GROUP BY MEMBERS OF ONE AND MATTACHINE 1326 01:14:52,000 --> 01:14:56,000 AND I CALLED UP WHEN I ARRIVED IN SAN FRANCISCO 1327 01:14:56,000 --> 01:14:59,000 AND THEY INVITED ME TO A MEETING. 1328 01:14:59,000 --> 01:15:01,000 THAT NEXT NIGHT 1329 01:15:01,000 --> 01:15:04,000 I WAS IN A ROOM WITH 12 OTHER LESBIANS 1330 01:15:04,000 --> 01:15:06,000 FOR THE FIRST TIME-- 1331 01:15:06,000 --> 01:15:08,000 AND WHAT A THRILL THAT WAS! 1332 01:15:08,000 --> 01:15:11,000 Narrator: AT GREAT PERSONAL AND PROFESSIONAL RISK 1333 01:15:11,000 --> 01:15:15,000 TO ITS PUBLISHERS AND OFTEN TO ITS READERS 1334 01:15:15,000 --> 01:15:18,000 THE LADDER, LESBIAN PUBLICATION WAS BORN. 1335 01:15:18,000 --> 01:15:23,000 ALL TOO OFTEN, THE JOURNAL WAS THE ONLY LINK WOMEN HAD. 1336 01:15:24,000 --> 01:15:27,000 THEY GOT PASSED AROUND FROM HAND TO HAND 1337 01:15:27,000 --> 01:15:31,000 AND THEY GOT MAILED FROM ONE SUBSCRIBER TO ANOTHER. 1338 01:15:31,000 --> 01:15:34,000 AND THE ORGANIZATION'S LITTLE OFFICES-- 1339 01:15:34,000 --> 01:15:37,000 THEY'D HAVE LETTERS AND PHONE CALLS 1340 01:15:37,000 --> 01:15:40,000 FROM ISOLATED GAY PEOPLE WHO WOULD SAY 1341 01:15:40,000 --> 01:15:45,000 "I'M JUST GRATEFUL FOR THE SHEER EXISTENCE OF GROUPS 1342 01:15:45,000 --> 01:15:49,000 OF MY OWN KIND I CAN TURN TO." 1343 01:15:49,000 --> 01:15:51,000 IT TOOK AN ENORMOUS AMOUNT 1344 01:15:51,000 --> 01:15:53,000 OF COURAGE IN THE 0s 1345 01:15:53,000 --> 01:15:56,000 TO OPENLDECLARE ONESELF 1346 01:15:56,000 --> 01:16:01,000 TO BE A LESBIAN OR A GAY MALE AND THESE PEOPLE DID SO. 1347 01:16:04,000 --> 01:16:07,000 IN THE '50s, HOW WERE YOU? 1348 01:16:07,000 --> 01:16:09,000  Woman: I WAS MYSELF. 1349 01:16:09,000 --> 01:16:12,000 IT MEANT A HELL OF A STRUGGLE. 1350 01:16:12,000 --> 01:16:15,000 IT MEANT HAVING TO USE VIOLENCE 1351 01:16:15,000 --> 01:16:18,000 AND DEFEND MY OWN BELIEFS. 1352 01:16:18,000 --> 01:16:20,000 MEN WERE JUST HORRIBLE. 1353 01:16:20,000 --> 01:16:22,000 AND IT CAME TO THE POINT 1354 01:16:22,000 --> 01:16:25,000 WHERE YOU COULDN'T TAP SOMEBODY 1355 01:16:25,000 --> 01:16:30,000 ON THE BACK WITHOUT THEM SAYING, "QUEER THIS AND THAT." 1356 01:16:32,000 --> 01:16:36,000 AND THIS ONE PARTICULAR WOMAN DECIDED TO RIDE WITH ME 1357 01:16:36,000 --> 01:16:39,000 AND WE WERE HAVING A LOT OF FUN 1358 01:16:39,000 --> 01:16:42,000 UNTIL FINALLY THERE WAS MENTION OF QUEER. 1359 01:16:42,000 --> 01:16:45,000 YOU HAVE TO DEVELOP A TOUGH HIDE 1360 01:16:45,000 --> 01:16:48,000 TO TAKE CARE OF THIS SOFT INTERIOR. 1361 01:16:48,000 --> 01:16:50,000 WE FIGURED OUT 1362 01:16:50,000 --> 01:16:52,000 A LOT OF PEOPLE DIDN'T LIKE US 1363 01:16:52,000 --> 01:16:55,000 AND WE HAD TO PROTECT OURSELVES. 1364 01:16:55,000 --> 01:17:00,000 SO WE GOT TOGETHER AND WE FORMED "THE LEE GIRLS." 1365 01:17:00,000 --> 01:17:03,000 I CAN'T REMEMBER IF WE NAMED OURSELVES 1366 01:17:03,000 --> 01:17:06,000 AFTER LORLEI LEE OR ROBERT E. LEE 1367 01:17:06,000 --> 01:17:07,000 OR MAYBE BOTH. 1368 01:17:07,000 --> 01:17:12,000 WE WEREN'T GOING TO PUT UP WITH BEING PUSHED AROUND. 1369 01:17:12,000 --> 01:17:15,000 IF SOMEBODY PUSHED ONE OF US AROUND 1370 01:17:15,000 --> 01:17:16,000 WE WOULD... GET HIM. 1371 01:17:16,000 --> 01:17:18,000 I DIDN'T THINK 1372 01:17:18,000 --> 01:17:20,000 THERE WAS ANYBODY ELSE 1373 01:17:20,000 --> 01:17:25,000 AND THEN I WENT TO REFORM SCHOOL AND THERE THEY WERE. 1374 01:17:26,000 --> 01:17:29,000 THAT WAS BULLDYKE'S HEAVEN TO ME. 1375 01:17:29,000 --> 01:17:33,000 BUT YOU DIDN'T CALL ME QUEER, NOT TO MY FACE 1376 01:17:33,000 --> 01:17:35,000 BECAUSE I'D KICK ASS. 1377 01:17:35,000 --> 01:17:38,000 I WAS YOUNG, DUMB, AND FULL OF IT. 1378 01:17:38,000 --> 01:17:42,000  Hillaire: I WENT IN THIS BAR WITH A GOOD FRIEND OF MINE 1379 01:17:42,000 --> 01:17:46,000 AND THEY HASSLED MY FRIEND FOR BEING WITH ME. 1380 01:17:46,000 --> 01:17:49,000 AND THIS BASTARD COME OVER 1381 01:17:49,000 --> 01:17:53,000 AND HEAS GOING TO TAKE A SWING AT MY FRIEND 1382 01:17:53,000 --> 01:17:56,000 SO I PICKED UP THIS BIG GLASS ASHTRAY 1383 01:17:56,000 --> 01:18:00,000 AND I HIT HIM ON THE HEAD, AND IT SHATTERED. 1384 01:18:00,000 --> 01:18:05,000 YOU COULDN'T EVEN FIND A PIECE-- I SPLINTERED IT. 1385 01:18:05,000 --> 01:18:08,000 AND BLOOD FLEW, LIKE THAT, YOU KNOW. 1386 01:18:08,000 --> 01:18:13,000 AND HE STOOD THERE FOR A SECOND AND I PUT MY BIG BOOT 1387 01:18:13,000 --> 01:18:15,000 RIGHT IN HIS GUT 1388 01:18:15,000 --> 01:18:20,000 AND SLAMMED HIM ACROSS THE ROOM AND HE FELL IN A CHAIR 1389 01:18:20,000 --> 01:18:24,000 AND THE REST OF THOSE HETEROSEXUALS 1390 01:18:24,000 --> 01:18:26,000 CAME OVER TO HIS RESCUE 1391 01:18:26,000 --> 01:18:29,000 WITH TOWELS AND BLOOD ALL OVER 1392 01:18:29,000 --> 01:18:31,000 AND I SAID TO MY FRIEND 1393 01:18:31,000 --> 01:18:35,000 "LET'S GET THE HELL OUT OF HERE." 1394 01:18:35,000 --> 01:18:36,000 THE WOMEN I RAN WITH 1395 01:18:36,000 --> 01:18:39,000 WE KNEW WE WERE OUTIDERS. 1396 01:18:39,000 --> 01:18:40,000 WE KNEW WE WERE 1397 01:18:40,000 --> 01:18:42,000 OUTSIDE THE PALE. 1398 01:18:42,000 --> 01:18:46,000 WE LIVED IN THE VILLAGE, WE WERE OUTSIDERS. 1399 01:18:46,000 --> 01:18:48,000 WE WERE DYKES, RIGHT? 1400 01:18:48,000 --> 01:18:50,000 A LOT OF US WERE ARTISTS. 1401 01:18:50,000 --> 01:18:52,000 WE HATED TYPING. 1402 01:18:52,000 --> 01:18:54,000 WE DIDN'T WANT STRAIGHT JOBS. 1403 01:18:54,000 --> 01:18:56,000 WE WERE THE FRINGE. 1404 01:18:56,000 --> 01:18:58,000 NOW, THIS WAS THE '50s. 1405 01:18:58,000 --> 01:19:02,000 IT WAS LIKE THE GAY GIRLS' VERSION OF THE BEATNIKS. 1406 01:19:02,000 --> 01:19:04,000 WHEN WE WERE GROWING UP 1407 01:19:04,000 --> 01:19:06,000 MOST OF OUR PARENTS 1408 01:19:06,000 --> 01:19:08,000 WHEN THEY FOUND OUT WE WERE GAY 1409 01:19:08,000 --> 01:19:11,000 EXCOMMUNICATED US FROM THE FAMILY. 1410 01:19:11,000 --> 01:19:16,000 MY MOTHER TORE UP MY BROTHER'S WEDDING INVITATION TO ME 1411 01:19:16,000 --> 01:19:21,000 BECAUSE SHE DIDN'T WANT THE QUEER COMING TO THE WEDDING. 1412 01:19:21,000 --> 01:19:25,000 t A LOT OF THINGS LIKE THAT HAPPENED TO GAY KIDS 1413 01:19:25,000 --> 01:19:27,000 IN THE '50s AND THE '60s. 1414 01:19:27,000 --> 01:19:32,000 Mary developed a sudden strong friendship 1415 01:19:32,000 --> 01:19:34,000 with Lucille Williams. 1416 01:19:34,000 --> 01:19:39,000 It seemed Mary could talk better with Lucille than with anybody. 1417 01:19:39,000 --> 01:19:41,000 They were inseparable. 1418 01:19:41,000 --> 01:19:44,000 To Mary's mother it seemed unnatural 1419 01:19:44,000 --> 01:19:47,000 this continual intimacy 1420 01:19:47,000 --> 01:19:52,000 this concentration of affection on one not very unusual girl. 1421 01:19:53,000 --> 01:19:54,000 OH, LUCILLE, WAIT A MINUTE. 1422 01:19:54,000 --> 01:19:57,000 WE FORGOT ABOUT ETHEL. 1423 01:19:57,000 --> 01:20:00,000 WE'LL HAVE TO BRING ETHEL. 1424 01:20:00,000 --> 01:20:02,000 Lucille: YOU KNOW WHAT SHE'S LIKE WITH BOYS. 1425 01:20:02,000 --> 01:20:04,000 MARY, DARLING... 1426 01:20:04,000 --> 01:20:06,000 YOU'RE KEEPING LUCILLE. 1427 01:20:06,000 --> 01:20:07,000 I WAS JUST LEAVING. 1428 01:20:07,000 --> 01:20:10,000 Mary: I'LL SEE YOU TOMORROW. 1429 01:20:10,000 --> 01:20:14,000 Next, there was a crush on Ethel Hampton. 1430 01:20:14,000 --> 01:20:19,000 Mary seemed to have a real need to be stirred up about someone. 1431 01:20:20,000 --> 01:20:24,000 ♪ THE GIRL I MARRY WILL PROBABLY BE ♪ 1432 01:20:24,000 --> 01:20:28,000 ♪ AS BUTCH AS A HUNK OF MACHINERY. ♪ 1433 01:20:28,000 --> 01:20:32,000 ♪ THE GIRL I IDOLIZE 1434 01:20:32,000 --> 01:20:34,000 ♪ WILL WEAR SLACKS WITH BLACK FRONTS ♪ 1435 01:20:34,000 --> 01:20:38,000 ♪ TAILORED SHIRTS AND BOW TIES ♪ 1436 01:20:38,000 --> 01:20:42,000 ♪ SHE'LL WALK WITH A SWAGGER AND WEAR SHORT HAIR ♪ 1437 01:20:42,000 --> 01:20:47,000 ♪ AND KEEP ME ENTRANCED WITH HER TOMBOY AIR. ♪ 1438 01:20:47,000 --> 01:20:49,000 ♪ 'STEAD OF CRUISING 1439 01:20:49,000 --> 01:20:52,000 ♪ I'LL BE USING 1440 01:20:52,000 --> 01:20:54,000 ♪ HER SHOULDER TO LEAN ON 1441 01:20:54,000 --> 01:20:59,000 ♪ WHILE SNOOZING 1442 01:20:59,000 --> 01:21:01,000 ♪ A FAINTHEARTED FAIRY 1443 01:21:01,000 --> 01:21:04,000 ♪ THE GIRL THAT I MARRY 1444 01:21:04,000 --> 01:21:09,000 ♪ WON'T BE. 1445 01:21:10,000 --> 01:21:14,000 Arobateau: IN THOSE DAYS, YOU WERE EITHER A BUTCH OR A FEMME 1446 01:21:14,000 --> 01:21:18,000 BECAUSE THEY WERE EMULATING STRAIGHT SOCIETY. 1447 01:21:18,000 --> 01:21:22,000 EITHER YOU'RE THE AGGRESSOR OR YOU'RE PASSIVE. 1448 01:21:22,000 --> 01:21:25,000 I ALREADY WAS DRESSING PRETTY MASCULINE 1449 01:21:25,000 --> 01:21:27,000 SO THEN I WENT EVEN FURTHER. 1450 01:21:27,000 --> 01:21:31,000 ACTUALLY I WAS A PISSPOOR BUTCH IN CHICAGO. 1451 01:21:31,000 --> 01:21:34,000 THE OTHER BUTCHES USED TO CRITICIZE ME 1452 01:21:34,000 --> 01:21:36,000 BECAUSE I DIDN'T ACT LIKE A MAN. 1453 01:21:36,000 --> 01:21:38,000 I WOULD DRESS MASCULINE 1454 01:21:38,000 --> 01:21:41,000 BUT I DIDN'T REALLY ACT LIKE A MAN. 1455 01:21:41,000 --> 01:21:44,000 YOU'RE SUPPOSED TO ACT LIKE A MAN 1456 01:21:44,000 --> 01:21:46,000 OR BE THE SUPER LADY. 1457 01:21:46,000 --> 01:21:51,000 IF YOU WANTED TO TAKE A GIRL OUT TO A REAL NICE INTIMATE DINNER 1458 01:21:52,000 --> 01:21:55,000 OR GO INTO A STRAIGHT CLUB OR GO TO DRIVE-IN 1459 01:21:55,000 --> 01:22:00,000 IT ALWAYS WORKED MUCH BETTER IF ONE LOOKED MORE LIKE THE MAN 1460 01:22:00,000 --> 01:22:02,000 AND COULD PASS AS A MAN. 1461 01:22:02,000 --> 01:22:07,000 CHANCES ARE YOU WOULDN'T FIND A CARLOG OF STRAIGHT GUYS 1462 01:22:07,000 --> 01:22:10,000 PULLING UP TO YOU AND SAYING, "QUEER, QUEER!" 1463 01:22:10,000 --> 01:22:13,000 AND BEATING THE SHIT OUT OF YOU. 1464 01:22:13,000 --> 01:22:16,000 REMEMBER THAT THE LESBIAN GAY GIRLS-- 1465 01:22:16,000 --> 01:22:19,000 THAT'S WHAT WE WERE CALLED-- 1466 01:22:19,000 --> 01:22:24,000 WAS A REFLECTION OF WHAT ELSE WAS GOING ON AROUND US 1467 01:22:24,000 --> 01:22:26,000 THAT WAS THE ERA 1468 01:22:26,000 --> 01:22:31,000 OF LET'S PRETEND THIS IS THE BEST OF ALL POSSIBLE WORLDS. 1469 01:22:31,000 --> 01:22:32,000 WE CHOOSE THIS. 1470 01:22:32,000 --> 01:22:35,000 SO NOBODY TALKED ABOUT RACISM. 1471 01:22:35,000 --> 01:22:37,000 IF SOMETHING HAPPENED TO ME 1472 01:22:37,000 --> 01:22:40,000 IN A BAR I COULDN'T COUNT ON ANYBODY 1473 01:22:40,000 --> 01:22:42,000 COVERING MY BACK. 1474 01:22:42,000 --> 01:22:45,000 A WHITE LESBIAN WOULD NOT HELP ME. 1475 01:22:45,000 --> 01:22:48,000 THEY MAY SAY, "WASN'T THAT TOO BAD" 1476 01:22:48,000 --> 01:22:51,000 BUT NOT, "THIS SHOULDN'T HAPPEN, PERIOD." 1477 01:22:51,000 --> 01:22:56,000 ♪ SOMEWHERE OVER THE RAINBOW... ♪ 1478 01:23:01,000 --> 01:23:03,000 Narrator: IN THE '50s, HOMOSEXUAL MEN 1479 01:23:03,000 --> 01:23:06,000 EXHIBITED A GREAT RANGE OF SELF-EXPRESSION: 1480 01:23:06,000 --> 01:23:09,000 FROM THE MOST MASCULINE, WHO PASSED AS STRAIGHT 1481 01:23:09,000 --> 01:23:11,000 TO THE MORE FLAMBOYANT DRAG QUEENS 1482 01:23:11,000 --> 01:23:14,000 WHO LIVED ON THE FRINGES OF SOCIETY. 1483 01:23:14,000 --> 01:23:16,000 FOR ALL GAY MEN, CAMPING IT UP-- 1484 01:23:16,000 --> 01:23:21,000 THE SELF-CONSCIOUS PARODY OF HETEROSEXUAL BEHAVIOR-- 1485 01:23:21,000 --> 01:23:23,000 PLAYED AN IMPORTANT ROLE. 1486 01:23:23,000 --> 01:23:28,000 ♪ ...WHY CAN'T I? 1487 01:23:30,000 --> 01:23:33,000 THOSE THAT WERE THE SISSIES 1488 01:23:33,000 --> 01:23:35,000 THOSE WHO WERE VERY OPEN 1489 01:23:35,000 --> 01:23:40,000 WITHEING GAY GENERALLY WERE THE ONES WHO ACCEPTED 1490 01:23:40,000 --> 01:23:42,000 THE FEMININE ROLE. 1491 01:23:42,000 --> 01:23:45,000 AND THE BOYFRIENDS WERE USUALLY VERY MASCULINE 1492 01:23:45,000 --> 01:23:47,000 AND VERY CLOSETED. 1493 01:23:47,000 --> 01:23:52,000 I'D SAY WHAT A SISSY I WAS. 1494 01:23:53,000 --> 01:23:55,000 x THERE WAS BLATANT CAMPING 1495 01:23:55,000 --> 01:23:59,000 BECAUSE WE WERE UNDER SO MUCH PRESSURE. 1496 01:23:59,000 --> 01:24:01,000 IT MAKES ME FEEL GOOD. 1497 01:24:01,000 --> 01:24:05,000 I BELIEVE YOU SHOULD EXPRESS WHAT YOU ARE 1498 01:24:05,000 --> 01:24:10,000 ANY WAY YOU WANT TO. 1499 01:24:11,000 --> 01:24:15,000 I LOVE IT WHEN SOMEBODY SAYS, "OH GOD, YOU'RE GORGEOUS!" 1500 01:24:15,000 --> 01:24:17,000 WHO WOULDN'T? 1501 01:24:17,000 --> 01:24:21,000 ♪ THE GAY YOUNG LAD FROM TRINIDAD ♪ 1502 01:24:21,000 --> 01:24:25,000 ♪ OH, WHAT A TIME I ALMOST HAD. ♪ 1503 01:24:25,000 --> 01:24:28,000 ♪ HE WAS AS GAY AS HE COULD BE ♪ 1504 01:24:28,000 --> 01:24:33,000 ♪ BUT HE WAS MUCH TOO GAY FOR ME. ♪ 1505 01:24:36,000 --> 01:24:39,000 ♪ I ALWAYS KNEW THEY GREW PALM TREES ♪ 1506 01:24:39,000 --> 01:24:42,000 ♪ BANANAS THEY ALWAYS HAD. 1507 01:24:42,000 --> 01:24:46,000 ♪ BUT YOU CAN IMAGINE MY SURPRISE ♪ 1508 01:24:46,000 --> 01:24:49,000 ♪ I FOUND A PALM SEED IN TRINIDAD. ♪ 1509 01:24:49,000 --> 01:24:53,000 ♪ THE GAY YOUNG LAD FROM TRINIDAD ♪ 1510 01:24:53,000 --> 01:24:57,000 ♪ OH, WHAT A TIME I ALMOST HAD. ♪ 1511 01:24:57,000 --> 01:25:00,000 ♪ I MIGHT HAVE SOWED A FEW WILD OATS ♪ 1512 01:25:00,000 --> 01:25:05,000 ♪ BUT HE PREFERRED BANANA BOATS. ♪ 1513 01:25:08,000 --> 01:25:13,000 MAJOR FUNDING FOR THIS PROGRAM HAS BEEN PROVIDED BY: 1514 01:25:13,000 --> 01:25:18,000 WITH ADDITIONAL FUNDS FROM: 1515 01:25:54,000 --> 01:25:57,000 IT'S NOT AS IF THE '50s WERE A TIME 1516 01:25:57,000 --> 01:26:00,000 OF SIMPLY TOTAL DESPERATION. 1517 01:26:00,000 --> 01:26:04,000 IT DEPENDS WHO YOU WERE, WHERE YOU WERE 1518 01:26:04,000 --> 01:26:06,000 HOW LUCKY YOU WERE 1519 01:26:06,000 --> 01:26:10,000 WHETHER YOU WERE LUCKY ENOUGH, FOR EXAMPLE 1520 01:26:10,000 --> 01:26:15,000 TO MEET A SET OF FRIENDS WHO WERE TRULY SUPPORTIVE. 1521 01:26:15,000 --> 01:26:17,000 AND THEY JUST TOOK ME 1522 01:26:17,000 --> 01:26:20,000 TO THEIR COLLECTIVE BOSOMS, SO TO SPEAK 1523 01:26:20,000 --> 01:26:22,000 AND BOY, WAS THAT FUN! 1524 01:26:22,000 --> 01:26:26,000 AND THEY TOOK ME TO A GIRLS' SOFTBALL GAME 1525 01:26:26,000 --> 01:26:29,000 AND I SURE LIKED WATCHING 1526 01:26:29,000 --> 01:26:33,000 ALL THE GIRLS RUN AROUND THERE IN THOSE SHORTS. 1527 01:26:33,000 --> 01:26:37,000 Woman: YOU COULD JUST GO TO ANY SMALL-TOWN SOFTBALL FIELD 1528 01:26:37,000 --> 01:26:40,000 AND THAT'S WjEY WOULD . 1529 01:26:40,000 --> 01:26:43,000 IF WE WERE IN A STRANGE PLACE 1530 01:26:43,000 --> 01:26:47,000 WE WOULD JUST PICK THE LIKELIEST-LOOKING PEOPLE 1531 01:26:47,000 --> 01:26:50,000 AND THEN WE'D FOLLOW THEM IN THE CAR 1532 01:26:50,000 --> 01:26:52,000 AND EVENTUALLY THEY WOULD NOTICE 1533 01:26:52,000 --> 01:26:55,000 AND THEY WOULD EITHER JOIN IN THE FUN 1534 01:26:55,000 --> 01:26:57,000 AND LET US FOLLOW THEM 1535 01:26:57,000 --> 01:27:00,000 AND WE'D END UP WHEREVER THEY HUNG OUT 1536 01:27:00,000 --> 01:27:02,000 AND GET TO TALKING 1537 01:27:02,000 --> 01:27:05,000 OR THEY WOULD PANIC 1538 01:27:05,000 --> 01:27:06,000 AND TAKE OFF 1539 01:27:06,000 --> 01:27:11,000 AND WE'D BE STUCK UNTIL THE NEXT SATURDAY. 1540 01:27:11,000 --> 01:27:13,000 WE LOVED EACH OTHER VERY MUCH. 1541 01:27:13,000 --> 01:27:16,000 WE HAD A CIRCLE OF SUPPORTIVE FRIENDS. 1542 01:27:16,000 --> 01:27:19,000 THERE WERE SOME BARS THAT WE COULD GO TO. 1543 01:27:19,000 --> 01:27:21,000 THE BAR SCENE WAS MISERABLE. 1544 01:27:21,000 --> 01:27:23,000 IT'S NOTHING LIKE TODAY. 1545 01:27:23,000 --> 01:27:26,000 WHEN YOU SAY, "DID YOU FIND A BAR TO GO TO?" 1546 01:27:26,000 --> 01:27:28,000 IT WASN'T THAT EASY THEN. 1547 01:27:28,000 --> 01:27:30,000 BACK IN THE '50s AND '60s 1548 01:27:30,000 --> 01:27:33,000 THEY WOULD BACK A PADDY WAGON UP TO THE DOOR 1549 01:27:33,000 --> 01:27:37,000 AND EVERYBODY, REGARDLESS OF WHO THEY WERE... 1550 01:27:37,000 --> 01:27:42,000 MY MOTHER AND FATHER ALMOST GOT CAUGHT. 1551 01:27:46,000 --> 01:27:49,000 Arobateau: THEY WOULD USE ANY EXCUSE TO ARREST YOU 1552 01:27:49,000 --> 01:27:52,000 AS LONG AS THEY KNEW YOU WERE GAY. 1553 01:27:52,000 --> 01:27:55,000 THEY HARASSED THE WOMEN BY THEIR OUTFITS. 1554 01:27:55,000 --> 01:27:57,000 THEY HARASSED THE MEN IF THEY LOOKED NELLY. 1555 01:27:57,000 --> 01:28:01,000 THEY'D PUSH THEM TO GET THEM TO SAY, "LEAVE ME ALONE." 1556 01:28:01,000 --> 01:28:02,000 THE POLICE WOULD SAY 1557 01:28:02,000 --> 01:28:05,000 "YOU'RE RESISTING ARREST, YOU GO TO JAIL." 1558 01:28:05,000 --> 01:28:08,000 THERE WAS A CONSTANT PRESSURE ON US. 1559 01:28:08,000 --> 01:28:11,000  Man: IT WAS ALMOST VIGILANTE MENTALITY-- 1560 01:28:11,000 --> 01:28:14,000 BACKING TWO OR THREE PADDY WAGONS UP 1561 01:28:14,000 --> 01:28:17,000 AND SCOOPING EVERYBODY OUT, BOOKING THEM 1562 01:28:17,000 --> 01:28:20,000 AND THEN THE NEXT DAY IN THE NEWSPAPERS 1563 01:28:20,000 --> 01:28:24,000 L OF THE NAMES OF THE PEOP THAT WERE BOOKED 1564 01:28:24,000 --> 01:28:26,000 AT THIS OR THAT GAY BAR 1565 01:28:26,000 --> 01:28:29,000 WOULD BE PUBLIED, AND PEOPLE LOST THEIR JOBS. 1566 01:28:29,000 --> 01:28:33,000 THEY WERE TRAINING GOOD-LOOKING YOUNG OFFICERS 1567 01:28:33,000 --> 01:28:35,000 HOW TO APPEAR GAY. 1568 01:28:35,000 --> 01:28:38,000 YOU WOULD BE APPROACHED WITH "WHAT'S HAPPENING?" 1569 01:28:38,000 --> 01:28:40,000  HOPING YOU WOULD SAY ANYTHING SEXUAL 1570 01:28:40,000 --> 01:28:43,000 OR EVEN HINTED, JUST HINTING TO THAT FACT 1571 01:28:43,000 --> 01:28:46,000 AND YOU'D FIND YOURSELF UNDER ARREST. 1572 01:28:46,000 --> 01:28:50,000 ♪ SO WATCH OUT FOR THE VICE SQUAD ♪ 1573 01:28:50,000 --> 01:28:55,000 ♪ BREAKING UP THAT GANG OF MINE. ♪ 1574 01:28:56,000 --> 01:28:57,000 ANY PERSONAL EXPRESSION 1575 01:28:57,000 --> 01:29:01,000 PARTICULARLY RELATING TO GENITALS AND EROS AND HEART 1576 01:29:01,000 --> 01:29:04,000 THAT WOULD THREATEN THE AUTHORITY OF THE STATE 1577 01:29:04,000 --> 01:29:07,000 WAS ILLEGAL IN LITERATURE, IN ART-- 1578 01:29:07,000 --> 01:29:09,000 "PORN," AS THEY CALLED IT. 1579 01:29:09,000 --> 01:29:13,000 THERE WERE A SERIES OF TRIALS IN THE LATE '50s 1580 01:29:13,000 --> 01:29:15,000 THAT LIBERATED THE WORD 1581 01:29:15,000 --> 01:29:18,000 AND THAT MEANT A SPIRITUAL LIBERATION AFTER THAT. 1582 01:29:18,000 --> 01:29:21,000 ONE WAS THE HOWL TRIAL IN '56. 1583 01:29:21,000 --> 01:29:23,000 Narrator: ALLEN GINSBERG'S HOWL 1584 01:29:23,000 --> 01:29:26,000 A BOOK OF POETRY WITH GRAPHIC HOMOSEXUAL IMAGES 1585 01:29:26,000 --> 01:29:28,000 WAS SEIZED BY THE POLICE. 1586 01:29:28,000 --> 01:29:32,000 THE A.C.L.U., WITH THE HELP OF LITERARY FIGURES 1587 01:29:32,000 --> 01:29:36,000 INCLUDING LAWRENCE FERLINGHETTI, WON THIS PRECEDENT-SETTING CASE. 1588 01:29:36,000 --> 01:29:40,000 THEY LOST, SO WE GOT A LOT OF PUBLICITY. 1589 01:29:40,000 --> 01:29:42,000 THE BOOK SOLD LIKE HOTCAKES. 1590 01:29:42,000 --> 01:29:46,000 THE CENSORS ACTED AS PUBLICISTS FOR A NEW SENSIBILITY. 1591 01:29:46,000 --> 01:29:49,000 Narrator: HOWL EVENTUALLY BECAME 1592 01:29:49,000 --> 01:29:51,000 AMERICA'S BEST-SELLING BOOK OF POETRY. 1593 01:29:51,000 --> 01:29:56,000 IN 1958, ONE MAGAZINE WON A CASE AGAINST THE POSTAL SERVICE 1594 01:29:56,000 --> 01:29:58,000 WHICH ALLOWED ALL GAY PUBLICATIONS 1595 01:29:58,000 --> 01:29:59,000 USE OF THE U.S. MAIL. 1596 01:29:59,000 --> 01:30:02,000 Grier: FOLLOWING THE SECOND WORLD WAR 1597 01:30:02,000 --> 01:30:05,000 PUBLISHING HISTORY IN THE UNITED STATES CHANGED. 1598 01:30:05,000 --> 01:30:08,000 PAPERBACK NOVELS BECAME POPULAR. 1599 01:30:08,000 --> 01:30:11,000 ALONG WITH THE RISE OF PAPERBACK NOVELS IN GENERAL 1600 01:30:11,000 --> 01:30:13,000 LESBIAN PAPERBACK ORIGINALS 1601 01:30:13,000 --> 01:30:17,000 BEGAN TO BE PUBLISHED IN ENORMOUS QUANTITIES. 1602 01:30:17,000 --> 01:30:21,000 THERE WERE THOUSANDS OF THEM BETWEEN ABOUT 1950 TO 1965 1603 01:30:21,000 --> 01:30:25,000 AND THEY RANGED FROM JUST INCREDIBLE TRASH 1604 01:30:25,000 --> 01:30:28,000 BOOKS WITH TITLES LIKE THE TWISTED ONES. 1605 01:30:28,000 --> 01:30:30,000 IT'S JUST A REALLY TRIPEY NOVEL. 1606 01:30:30,000 --> 01:30:34,000 AND AT THE SAME TIME, THOUGH, AMONG THOSE 1607 01:30:34,000 --> 01:30:37,000 THERE WERE PERHAPS 100 OUT OF ALL THE THOUSANDS 1608 01:30:37,000 --> 01:30:40,000 THAT WERE WRITTEN BY WOMEN FOR WOMEN 1609 01:30:40,000 --> 01:30:43,000 AND BOOKS LIKE ODD GIRL OUT, BY ANN BANNON 1610 01:30:43,000 --> 01:30:46,000 THAT FIRST APPEARED IN 1957 1611 01:30:46,000 --> 01:30:48,000 IS NOW REALLY A CLASSIC NOVEL 1612 01:30:48,000 --> 01:30:51,000 IN WHAT THEY CALL THE PAPERBACK GENRE. 1613 01:30:51,000 --> 01:30:53,000 MY INITIAL ACQUAINTANCE 1614 01:30:53,000 --> 01:30:54,000 WITH LESBIAN LITERATURE 1615 01:30:54,000 --> 01:30:57,000 CAME THROUGH A PAPERBACK REISSUE 1616 01:30:57,000 --> 01:31:00,000 OF RADCLYFFE HALL'S WELL OF LONELINESS. 1617 01:31:00,000 --> 01:31:03,000 I SUPPOSE THAT'S TRUE FOR LOTS OF US. 1618 01:31:03,000 --> 01:31:05,000 I HAVE A FRIEND WHO SAID 1619 01:31:05,000 --> 01:31:08,000 "I USED TO STAND IN THE STACKS AT THE LIBRARY 1620 01:31:08,000 --> 01:31:12,000 "BECAUSE I DN'T HAVE THE COURAGE TO CHECK IT OUT 1621 01:31:12,000 --> 01:31:16,000 AND I'D STAND THERE AND CRY AND READ RADCLYFFE HALL." 1622 01:31:16,000 --> 01:31:17,000 I DID THE SAME THING 1623 01:31:17,000 --> 01:31:20,000 AND THEN I FOUND A NOVEL CALLED SPRING FIRE 1624 01:31:20,000 --> 01:31:22,000 WRITTEN BY VIN PACKER. 1625 01:31:22,000 --> 01:31:24,000 SHE WAS CONTPORARY-- 1626 01:31:24,000 --> 01:31:26,000 THIS WAS IN THE MID-'50s. 1627 01:31:26,000 --> 01:31:30,000 I WROTE HER A LETTER, AND SHE SAID, "COME UP TO NEW YORK 1628 01:31:30,000 --> 01:31:34,000 AND I'LL INTRODUCE YOU TO MY PUBLISHER." 1629 01:31:34,000 --> 01:31:36,000 I GOT MYSELF TO NEW YORK 1630 01:31:36,000 --> 01:31:38,000 WITH MY MANUSCRIPT IN HAND. 1631 01:31:38,000 --> 01:31:41,000 ODD GIRL OUT WAS THE RESULT. 1632 01:31:41,000 --> 01:31:44,000 IN 1957, ODD GIRL OUT WAS FAWCETT GOLD MEDAL'S 1633 01:31:44,000 --> 01:31:46,000 SECOND BEST-SELLING PAPERBACK ORIGINAL. 1634 01:31:46,000 --> 01:31:50,000 I GUESS I WAS BROUGHT OUT BY AN OLDER WOMAN 1635 01:31:50,000 --> 01:31:54,000 WHICH WAS IN THE FORM OF ONE OF ANN BANNON'S BOOKS. 1636 01:31:54,000 --> 01:31:59,000 I PICKED UP IN A DRUGSTORE COMING HOME FROM SCHOOL ONE DAY. 1637 01:31:59,000 --> 01:32:02,000  I OPENED IT UP AND IT SAID SOMETHING 1638 01:32:02,000 --> 01:32:05,000 ABOUT THE YOUNG GIRL AND THE OLDER WOMAN 1639 01:32:05,000 --> 01:32:09,000 AND TOUCHED HER LEG OR HER BREAST OR SOMETHING-- 1640 01:32:09,000 --> 01:32:11,000 SHE WAS DANCING-- AND OH, MY GOD 1641 01:32:11,000 --> 01:32:15,000 IT SEND A SHIVER OF EXCITEMENT IN MY WHOLE BODY 1642 01:32:15,000 --> 01:32:18,000 THAT I HAD NEVER EXPERIENCED BEFORE. 1643 01:32:18,000 --> 01:32:22,000 "SHE PUT AN ARM AROUND LAURA AND SQUEEZED HER A LITTLE. 1644 01:32:22,000 --> 01:32:25,000 "LAURA WAS EMBARRASSED AND GRATEFUL AT THE SAME TIME. 1645 01:32:25,000 --> 01:32:27,000 IT WAS SO GOOD." 1646 01:32:27,000 --> 01:32:29,000 AFTER I READ THAT BOOK 1647 01:32:29,000 --> 01:32:31,000 I KNEW THAT'S WHAT I WANTED. 1648 01:32:31,000 --> 01:32:32,000 I DESIRED A WOMAN. 1649 01:32:32,000 --> 01:32:36,000 THAT'S WHAT I WANTED, WHAT ELSE WAS THERE? 1650 01:32:36,000 --> 01:32:38,000 I REMEMBER SOMEBODY SAYING 1651 01:32:38,000 --> 01:32:39,000 THAT ALL THE QUEERS LIVED 1652 01:32:39,000 --> 01:32:43,000 IN "GREEN-WITCH" VILLAGE IN NEW YORK CITY. 1653 01:32:43,000 --> 01:32:46,000 SOON AS I HEARD THAT, THAT'S WHERE I WANTED TO LIVE. 1654 01:32:46,000 --> 01:32:50,000 A FEW MONTHS OUT OF HIGH SCHOOL AND I WAS HERE. 1655 01:32:50,000 --> 01:32:52,000 Arobateau: LESBIANS AND GAY PEOPLE 1656 01:32:52,000 --> 01:32:56,000 CAME FROM PHILADELPHIA, JERSEY CITY, ALL OVER 1657 01:32:56,000 --> 01:33:00,000 TO BE IN NEW YORK CITY AND CRUISE GREENWICH VILLAGE. 1658 01:33:00,000 --> 01:33:05,000 ♪ ONCE I HAD A SECRET LOVE 1659 01:33:07,000 --> 01:33:12,000 ♪ THAT LIVED WITHIN THE HEART OF ME... ♪ 1660 01:33:12,000 --> 01:33:15,000 Arobateau: HONEY, WHEN I WENT THERE 1661 01:33:15,000 --> 01:33:18,000 THERE WAS LESBIANS IN THE STREETS IN DROVES-- 1662 01:33:18,000 --> 01:33:23,000 WOMEN THAT LOOKED LIKE MEN, MEN THAT LOOKED LIKE WOMEN 1663 01:33:23,000 --> 01:33:26,000 WOMEN WITH THEIR HAIR SLICKED BACK 1664 01:33:26,000 --> 01:33:29,000 THE FEMMES WITH THE BEEHIVE. 1665 01:33:29,000 --> 01:33:31,000 I FOUND MYSELF A GIRLFRIEND. 1666 01:33:31,000 --> 01:33:34,000 SHE WAS THE FEMME TYPE, AND I LOVED IT. 1667 01:33:34,000 --> 01:33:38,000 I FELT AT PEACE, AND I STARTED HAVING LOVERS EASILY 1668 01:33:38,000 --> 01:33:42,000 BECAUSE THEY WE THERE TO PICK AND CHOSE FROM. 1669 01:33:42,000 --> 01:33:44,000 IN CHICAGO, THERE WAS NOT THAT. 1670 01:33:44,000 --> 01:33:48,000  ♪ NOW, I SHOUT IT 1671 01:33:48,000 --> 01:33:53,000 ♪ FROM THE HIGHEST HILL... 1672 01:33:54,000 --> 01:33:57,000 Emcee: GOOD EVENING, LADIES AND GENTLEMEN 1673 01:33:57,000 --> 01:34:00,000 AND ONCE AGAIN, I WELCOME YOU 1674 01:34:00,000 --> 01:34:04,000 ON BEHALF OF THE WORKING STAFF OF THE BLACK CAT 1675 01:34:04,000 --> 01:34:08,000 THE MOST FAMOUS BOHEMIAN BAR IN THE WORLD. 1676 01:34:08,000 --> 01:34:10,000 WHERE ARE YOU FROM, SIR? 1677 01:34:10,000 --> 01:34:12,000 Man: ASHTABULA, OHIO. 1678 01:34:12,000 --> 01:34:17,000 Emcee: THERE MUST BE AT LEAST ONE QUEEN IN ASHTABULA, OHIO! 1679 01:34:17,000 --> 01:34:19,000 THAT'S ALL I GOT TO SAY! 1680 01:34:19,000 --> 01:34:21,000 LOOK, GORGEOUS! MOTHER'S HERE. 1681 01:34:21,000 --> 01:34:24,000 Ginsberg: IT WAS A BOHEMIAN BAR 1682 01:34:24,000 --> 01:34:28,000 WHICH HAD THE REPUTATION OF ALSO BEING A GAY BAR. 1683 01:34:28,000 --> 01:34:30,000 A PIANIST PLAYED GAY SONGS 1684 01:34:30,000 --> 01:34:32,000 AND THERE WERE FLOUNCY BARTENDERS 1685 01:34:32,000 --> 01:34:35,000 BUT IT WAS WIDE OPEN FOR EVERYBODY. 1686 01:34:35,000 --> 01:34:38,000 IT WAS TOTAL HUMAN TOLERANCE. 1687 01:34:38,000 --> 01:34:40,000 MY GOD, IT'S JOSE! 1688 01:34:40,000 --> 01:34:44,000 Woman: THE BLACK CAT WAS NOT A BAR, IT WAS A FAMILY. 1689 01:34:44,000 --> 01:34:47,000 THOSE WERE MY FRIENDS, THEY TOOK CARE OF ME. 1690 01:34:47,000 --> 01:34:49,000 THEY FED ME WHEN I WAS UNEMPLOYED. 1691 01:34:49,000 --> 01:34:54,000 THEY PATTED MY HAND WHEN I WAS HURTING FROM A LOVE AFFAIR. 1692 01:34:54,000 --> 01:34:57,000 WON'T YOU EVER FORGET THAT HANDSOME BLACK MAN? 1693 01:34:57,000 --> 01:35:01,000 I WOULD COME TO WORK EARLY TO SEE HIM GET READY. 1694 01:35:01,000 --> 01:35:05,000 HE WAS TALL AND THIN... OH, RIGHT HERE! 1695 01:35:05,000 --> 01:35:06,000 ( laughter ) 1696 01:35:06,000 --> 01:35:09,000 Jose: WOMEN WOULD SIT ON ONE END OF THE BAR 1697 01:35:09,000 --> 01:35:12,000 AND THE MEN WOULD SIT AT THE OTHER 1698 01:35:12,000 --> 01:35:14,000 AND THIS ONE WITH HIS APRON 1699 01:35:14,000 --> 01:35:17,000 NOT WN TO HERE BUT JUST DOWN TO HERE... 1700 01:35:17,000 --> 01:35:19,000 ú AND SERVE LIKE THIS. 1701 01:35:19,000 --> 01:35:21,000 OH, SHE WAS A GAY GIRL! 1702 01:35:21,000 --> 01:35:26,000 Narrator: THE BLACK CAT HELPED TO MAKE HOMOSEXUALS MORE VISIBLE 1703 01:35:26,000 --> 01:35:27,000 IN SAN FRANCISCO 1704 01:35:27,000 --> 01:35:30,000 SO MUCH SO THAT IN THE 19 RACE FOR MAYOR 1705 01:35:30,000 --> 01:35:33,000 CHALNGER RUSSELL WOLDEN ATTACKED MAYOR CHRISTOPH 1706 01:35:33,000 --> 01:35:38,000 FOR ALLOWING THE CITY TO BECOME A HOMOSEXUAL HAVEN. 1707 01:35:38,000 --> 01:35:43,000 AND CHRISTOPHER S RE-ELECTEDA LANDSLIDE.FIRED 1708 01:35:45,000 --> 01:35:47,000 T BAND HEGAY RS. CHRISTOPHER DECLARED WAR 1709 01:35:47,000 --> 01:35:51,000 r THRS OED THLV INTLD 1710 01:35:51,000 --> 01:35:53,000 T BAND HEGAY RS. AND BEGAN TO FIGHT BACKR 1711 01:35:53,000 --> 01:35:55,000 CHARGING THE POLICE WITH EXTORTION. 1712 01:35:55,000 --> 01:36:00,000 Streiker: THE TAVERN GUILD HAD AN EFFECT 1713 01:36:00,000 --> 01:36:04,000 BEGAN TO REALIZE THATNS THERE WAS A GAY VOTINGLOC 1714 01:36:04,000 --> 01:36:09,000 THOUGH IT DIDN'T DEVELOP AS SUCH DURING THAT PERIOD OF TIME. 1715 01:36:09,000 --> 01:36:14,000 Narrator: THEY LOST IN COURT AND TURNED TO THE BALLOT BOX. 1716 01:36:14,000 --> 01:36:17,000 THEY RAN THE BLACK'S STAR ATTRACT 1717 01:36:17,000 --> 01:36:20,000 THE NIGHTINGALE OF MONTGOMERY STREET, JOSE SARRIA 1718 01:36:20,000 --> 01:36:22,000 FOR CITY SUPERVISOR. 1719 01:36:22,000 --> 01:36:27,000 ( singing falsetto ) 1720 01:36:30,000 --> 01:36:35,000 ( cheering, applause ) 1721 01:36:35,000 --> 01:36:38,000 WE HAD A CAMPAIGN TO VOTE FOR JOSE. 1722 01:36:38,000 --> 01:36:41,000 I THINK HE GOT 8,000 VOTES. 1723 01:36:41,000 --> 01:36:44,000 THEY WERE TRYING TO SHOW THE GAY STRENGTH. 1724 01:36:44,000 --> 01:36:46,000 IT DIDN'T WORK, BECAUSE EVEN THEN-- 1725 01:36:46,000 --> 01:36:49,000 AND A SECRET BALLOT AND EVERYTHING-- 1726 01:36:49,000 --> 01:36:51,000 PEOPLE WERE AFRAID TO VOTE FOR JOSE 1727 01:36:51,000 --> 01:36:53,000 BECAUSE IT WAS A GAY CANDIDATE. 1728 01:36:53,000 --> 01:36:56,000 I'VE ALWAYS TOLD PEOPLE, ESPECIALLY YOUNG ONES 1729 01:36:56,000 --> 01:36:59,000 "THERE'S NOTHING WRONG IN BEING GAY 1730 01:36:59,000 --> 01:37:01,000 "ABSOLUTELY NOTHING. 1731 01:37:01,000 --> 01:37:05,000 GETTING CAUGHT IS WHERE YOU PAY THE PRICE." 1732 01:37:05,000 --> 01:37:08,000 THE FANTASTIC EFFORT THAT DID THE GROUNDWORK 1733 01:37:08,000 --> 01:37:11,000 FOR A LOT OF THE GAY FREEDOMS WE HAVE IN OUR CITY TODAY 1734 01:37:11,000 --> 01:37:14,000 IN OUR COUNTRY AND IN OUR CULTURE 1735 01:37:14,000 --> 01:37:17,000 A LOT OF IT DID GET GOING BEFORE STONEWALL 1736 01:37:17,000 --> 01:37:20,000 BUT IT WAS GROUNDWORK. 1737 01:37:20,000 --> 01:37:23,000 Sarria: LET US ALL STAND 1738 01:37:23,000 --> 01:37:26,000 FOR ONE MORE TIME... 1739 01:37:26,000 --> 01:37:29,000 GIVE THANKS FOR WHAT WE ARE. 1740 01:37:29,000 --> 01:37:31,000 ( to "God Save the Queen" ) 1741 01:37:31,000 --> 01:37:36,000 ♪ GOD SAVE US NELLY QUEENS 1742 01:37:36,000 --> 01:37:41,000 ♪ GOD SAVE US NELLY QUEENS 1743 01:37:41,000 --> 01:37:45,000 ♪ GOD SAVE US QUEENS 1744 01:37:45,000 --> 01:37:50,000 ♪ FROM EVERY MOUNTAINSIDE 1745 01:37:50,000 --> 01:37:55,000 ♪ LONG MAY WE LIVE OR DIE 1746 01:37:56,000 --> 01:38:01,000 ♪ GOD SAVE US NELLY QUEENS 1747 01:38:01,000 --> 01:38:06,000 ♪ GOD SAVE US QUEENS. 1748 01:38:10,000 --> 01:38:15,000 ♪ OH, DEEP IN MY HEART, LORD 1749 01:38:17,000 --> 01:38:22,000 ♪ I DO BELIEVE 1750 01:38:23,000 --> 01:38:26,000 ♪ WE SHALL OVERCOME 1751 01:38:26,000 --> 01:38:31,000 ♪ SOMEDAY. 1752 01:38:33,000 --> 01:38:37,000 THE BLACK POWER AND THE CIVIL RIGHTS MOVEMENT 1753 01:38:37,000 --> 01:38:41,000 OF THE LATE '50s AND THE '60s WAS THE PROTOTYPE 1754 01:38:41,000 --> 01:38:44,000 OF EVERY LIBERATION MOVEMENT IN THIS COUNTRY. 1755 01:38:44,000 --> 01:38:48,000 The crowd occupies every inch on the lawns. 1756 01:38:48,000 --> 01:38:51,000 There's a great swell of cheers 1757 01:38:51,000 --> 01:38:52,000 to welcome Martin Luther King 1758 01:38:52,000 --> 01:38:56,000 the man who stands as a symbol of all they are fighting for. 1759 01:38:56,000 --> 01:38:59,000 King: I HAVE A DREAM 1760 01:38:59,000 --> 01:39:00,000 THAT ONE DAY 1761 01:39:00,000 --> 01:39:03,000 THIS NATION WILL RISE UP 1762 01:39:03,000 --> 01:39:08,000 LIVE OUT THE TRUE MEANING OF ITS CREED. 1763 01:39:08,000 --> 01:39:12,000 Ajanaku: AFRICAN-AMERICANS SAID, "NO MORE!" 1764 01:39:12,000 --> 01:39:13,000 THEY REFUSED TO HIDE 1765 01:39:13,000 --> 01:39:15,000 BEHIND THE STEREOTYPES. 1766 01:39:15,000 --> 01:39:17,000 WE SAID, "NO GOOD!" 1767 01:39:17,000 --> 01:39:21,000 THEN EVERYBODY GOT TO FEELING, WHATEVER THEIR OPPRESSION WAS 1768 01:39:21,000 --> 01:39:24,000 "I DON'T HAVE TO TAKE THIS EITHER." 1769 01:39:24,000 --> 01:39:28,000 Man: I THINK THAT THE CONNECTIONS BETWEEN BLACK LIBERATION 1770 01:39:28,000 --> 01:39:32,000 AND WOMEN'S LIBERATION AND GAY LIBERATION ARE VERY DEEP. 1771 01:39:32,000 --> 01:39:34,000 MANY OF US WHO WENT SOUTH 1772 01:39:34,000 --> 01:39:38,000 TO WORK WITH DR. KING IN THE '60s WERE GAY. 1773 01:39:38,000 --> 01:39:41,000 I REMEMBER A PLANE GOING DOWN FROM CHICAGO 1774 01:39:41,000 --> 01:39:44,000 THERE WERE SIX PRIESTS, AND THREE OF US WERE GAY. 1775 01:39:44,000 --> 01:39:48,000 A LOT OF GAY PEOPLE WHO COULD NOT COME OUT 1776 01:39:48,000 --> 01:39:50,000 FOR THEIR OWN LIBERATION 1777 01:39:50,000 --> 01:39:53,000 COULD INVEST THOSE SAME ENERGIES 1778 01:39:53,000 --> 01:39:55,000 IN THE LIBERATION OF BLACK PEOPLE. 1779 01:39:55,000 --> 01:39:57,000 YOU NEED TO BEGIN WITH A MOVEMENT 1780 01:39:57,000 --> 01:40:02,000 WHICH IS WHAT BLACK POWER AND THE CIVIL RIGHTS MOVEMENT WAS. 1781 01:40:02,000 --> 01:40:04,000 THEN YOU GET THOSE PEOPLE 1782 01:40:04,000 --> 01:40:08,000 WHOSE DIFFERENCES ARE NOT BEING ARTICULATED-- US. 1783 01:40:08,000 --> 01:40:12,000 SO THEN THERE IS IMMEDIATELY ANOTHER STEP. 1784 01:40:12,000 --> 01:40:15,000 IN THE '60s, THERE WAS A DISTINCT CHANGE 1785 01:40:15,000 --> 01:40:18,000 IN THE TEMPER AND THE TEMPO OF THE GAY MOVEMENT 1786 01:40:18,000 --> 01:40:23,000 PARTLY AS A RESULT OF THE BLACK CIVIL RIGHTS MOVEMENT MILITANCY. 1787 01:40:23,000 --> 01:40:25,000 WE BEGAN TO GET MORE MILITANT. 1788 01:40:25,000 --> 01:40:29,000 WE BEGAN TO SEE THAT THE PROBLEM OF HOMOSEXUALITY 1789 01:40:29,000 --> 01:40:32,000 IS N GAY PEOPLE'PROBLEM. 1790 01:40:32,000 --> 01:40:36,000 IT'S A PROBLF SOCIAL ATTIDES OF PEOPLE ND US. 1791 01:40:36,000 --> 01:40:38,000 WE HAD TO CHANGE THEIR ATTITUDES 1792 01:40:38,000 --> 01:40:40,000 AND THAT WOULD HELP OUR SELF-IMAGE. 1793 01:40:40,000 --> 01:40:42,000 THE WHITE GAY PEOPLE 1794 01:40:42,000 --> 01:40:46,000 WHO HAD AN INVESTMENT IN THE CIVIL RIGHTS MOVEMENT 1795 01:40:46,000 --> 01:40:50,000 HAD THE EXPERIENCE BY THEN OF LIBERATION MOVEMENT 1796 01:40:50,000 --> 01:40:54,000 OF CONFRONTATIONAL TECHNIQUES, OF NON-VIOLENT STRUGGLE 1797 01:40:54,000 --> 01:40:57,000 AND BEGAN TO USE THESE SAME TECHNIQUES 1798 01:40:57,000 --> 01:41:02,000 ON BEHALF OF THEIR OWN MOVEMENT. 1799 01:41:02,000 --> 01:41:04,000 Kameny: 1965WE MARCHED ACROSS THE STREET 1800 01:41:04,000 --> 01:41:07,000 AND PICKETED THERE FOR TWO HOURS. 1801 01:41:07,000 --> 01:41:11,000 WE HAD NO IDEA WHAT THE POLICE WOULD DO 1802 01:41:11,000 --> 01:41:15,000 SO WE SCHEDULED IT WITHOUT ANY NOTICE TO ANYBODY. 1803 01:41:15,000 --> 01:41:17,000 NOTHING HAPPENED, NOBODY THREW ROCKS. 1804 01:41:17,000 --> 01:41:20,000 IT WAS MAGNIFICENTLY SUCCESSFUL. 1805 01:41:20,000 --> 01:41:24,000 THE STATE DEPARTMENT HAD BEEN ZEROED IN ON BY McCARTHY 1806 01:41:24,000 --> 01:41:26,000 12, 15 YEARS BEFORE. 1807 01:41:26,000 --> 01:41:30,000 THAT'S WHERE MORE FIRINGS HAD OCCURRED THAN ANY OTHER AGENCY 1808 01:41:30,000 --> 01:41:34,000 SO WE FELT IT WAS APPROPRIATE TO PICKET. 1809 01:41:34,000 --> 01:41:39,000 WE HAD OUR PROCEDURES DOWN PAT AND HAD SENT OUT A NEWS RELEASE. 1810 01:41:39,000 --> 01:41:40,000 BY SHEER GOOD LUCK 1811 01:41:40,000 --> 01:41:44,000 SECRETARY OF STATE RUSK WAS HAVING A NEWS CONFERENCE 1812 01:41:44,000 --> 01:41:45,000 THE NIGHT BEFORE. 1813 01:41:45,000 --> 01:41:49,000 Rusk: I UNDERSTAND THAT WE'RE BEING PICKETED 1814 01:41:49,000 --> 01:41:51,000 BY A GROUP OF HOMOSEXUALS. 1815 01:41:51,000 --> 01:41:53,000 THE POLICY OF THE DEPARTMENT IS 1816 01:41:53,000 --> 01:41:56,000 THAT WE DO NOT EMPLOY HOMOSEXUALS KNOWINGLY 1817 01:41:56,000 --> 01:42:00,000 AND THAT IF WE DISCOVER HOMOSEXUALS IN OUR DEPARTMENT 1818 01:42:00,000 --> 01:42:02,000 WE DISCHARGE THEM. 1819 01:42:02,000 --> 01:42:06,000 ONE OF THE MAJOR SUCCESSES OF THE GAY MOVEMENT IN THE 1960s 1820 01:42:06,000 --> 01:42:11,000 WAS OUR BREAKTHROUGH INTO MAINSTREAM PUBLICITY. 1821 01:42:14,000 --> 01:42:15,000 According to Kinsey, there are in the Los Angeles area.s 1822 01:42:15,000 --> 01:42:17,000 We'll talk about those people 1823 01:42:17,000 --> 01:42:22,000 and the problem th present to the community at large. 1824 01:42:22,000 --> 01:42:24,000 You'll hear from a psychiatrist 1825 01:42:24,000 --> 01:42:27,000 a police official and a homosexual. 1826 01:42:27,000 --> 01:42:28,000 Name, please? 1827 01:42:28,000 --> 01:42:29,000 Curtis White. 1828 01:42:29,000 --> 01:42:30,000 Your occupation? 1829 01:42:30,000 --> 01:42:34,000 I'm an office worker. 1830 01:42:34,000 --> 01:42:35,000 Are you a homosexual?j Yes. 1831 01:42:35,000 --> 01:42:38,000 Does your fami know you're a homosexl? 1832 01:42:38,000 --> 01:42:39,000 They didn't until tonight. 1833 01:42:39,000 --> 01:42:42,000 They'll learn about your homosexuality 1834 01:42:42,000 --> 01:42:43,000 from this program? 1835 01:42:43,000 --> 01:42:45,000 I'm almost certain they will 1836 01:42:45,000 --> 01:42:48,000 and I will probably lose my job, too. 1837 01:42:48,000 --> 01:42:52,000 Why did you agree to appear on this program? 1838 01:42:52,000 --> 01:42:54,000 I hope that through this means 1839 01:42:54,000 --> 01:42:57,000 I can be of some use to someone else. 1840 01:42:57,000 --> 01:42:59,000 AS MUCH PUBLICITY AS POSSIBLE-- 1841 01:42:59,000 --> 01:43:02,000 TO CRACK THAT SHIELD OF INVISIBILITY 1842 01:43:02,000 --> 01:43:06,000 THAT HAD MADE IT DIFFICULT TO GET OUR MESSAGE ACROSS. 1843 01:43:06,000 --> 01:43:09,000 Man: THE MAJORITY OF GAY PEOPLE IN THE '60s 1844 01:43:09,000 --> 01:43:14,000 WERE TERRIBLY CONCERNED WITH THE IMAGE OF THE HOMOSEXUAL. 1845 01:43:14,000 --> 01:43:19,000 Rodwell: THE MEN HAD TO WEAR SUITS AND TIES 1846 01:43:19,000 --> 01:43:23,000 AND THE WOMEN ALL HAD TO WEAR DRESSES AND HEELS 1847 01:43:23,000 --> 01:43:24,000 I THINK NYLONS EVEN. 1848 01:43:24,000 --> 01:43:27,000 THE MORE CONSERVATIVE 1849 01:43:27,000 --> 01:43:30,000 "WE'RE FIGHTING THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT FOR JOBS 1850 01:43:30,000 --> 01:43:33,000 THEREFORE WE HAVE TO LOOK EMPLOYABLE." 1851 01:43:33,000 --> 01:43:35,000 Kepner: MANY OF US ACCEPTED THE IDEA 1852 01:43:35,000 --> 01:43:38,000 THAT IF WE DRESSED PROPERLY 1853 01:43:38,000 --> 01:43:41,000 IF WE BEHAVED PROPERLY, IF WE DIDN'T MAKE WAVES 1854 01:43:41,000 --> 01:43:44,000 IF WE DIDN'T DRAW ATTENTION TO OURSELVES 1855 01:43:44,000 --> 01:43:48,000 PEOPLE WOULD ACCEPT US, BUT NOT KNOWING WHO WE WERE. 1856 01:43:48,000 --> 01:43:51,000 GRADUALLY, SOME OF US TOOK THE POSITION 1857 01:43:51,000 --> 01:43:54,000 THAT WE HAD TO ASSERT OURSELVES. 1858 01:43:54,000 --> 01:43:56,000 Narrator: ONE MILITANT ASSERTION 1859 01:43:56,000 --> 01:43:59,000 PUT FORWARD BY FRANK KAMENY AND OTHER HOMOSEXUAL LEADERS 1860 01:43:59,000 --> 01:44:03,000 WAS THE IDEA THAT GAY PEOPLE WERE NOT MENTALLY ILL. 1861 01:44:03,000 --> 01:44:07,000 EVEN WITHIN THE MOVEMENT, THIS CONCEPT PROVOKED INTENSE DEBATE. 1862 01:44:07,000 --> 01:44:09,000 IT CREATED QUITE A STIR. 1863 01:44:09,000 --> 01:44:13,000 IT'S HARD FOR YOUNG PEOPLE TODAY TO IMAGINE 1864 01:44:13,000 --> 01:44:17,000 AS LITTLE AS 20 YEARS AGO, 100 GAY PEOPLE SITTING AROUND 1865 01:44:17,000 --> 01:44:20,000 ARGUING OVER WHETHER OR NOT THEY SHOULD SAY 1866 01:44:20,000 --> 01:44:23,000 THAT THEY WEREN'T MENTALLY ILL. 1867 01:44:23,000 --> 01:44:25,000 WE CAN DEBATE WHAT IS AN ILLNESS 1868 01:44:25,000 --> 01:44:27,000 OR WHETHER IT IS AN ILLNESS OR NOT. 1869 01:44:27,000 --> 01:44:30,000 I HAPPEN TO SUBSCRIBE TO THE BELIEF 1870 01:44:30,000 --> 01:44:32,000 THAT IT IS A TRAGIC ILLNESS 1871 01:44:32,000 --> 01:44:35,000 A NEUROSIS THE SAME AS MANY OTHER NEUROSES. 1872 01:44:35,000 --> 01:44:39,000 Hooker: EVERY PSYCHIATRIC VIEWPOINT TREATED HOMOSEXUALITY 1873 01:44:39,000 --> 01:44:41,000 AS PSYCHOLOGICALLY PATHOLOGICAL. 1874 01:44:41,000 --> 01:44:43,000  I TAUGHT THAT VIEWPOINT 1875 01:44:43,000 --> 01:44:46,000 UNTIL I LEARNED BETTER. 1876 01:44:46,000 --> 01:44:50,000 HOMOSEXUALITY, AS IT WAS STILL CALLED BY THE THERAPISTS 1877 01:44:50,000 --> 01:44:52,000 WAS A CHARACTER DISORDER. 1878 01:44:52,000 --> 01:44:55,000 MY ONLY HOPE OF ACHIEVING "HEALTH" 1879 01:44:55,000 --> 01:44:58,000 AND MY ONLY HOPE OF HAVING A HAPPY LIFE 1880 01:44:58,000 --> 01:45:00,000 WAS TO CHANGE MY SEXUAL ORIENTATION 1881 01:45:00,000 --> 01:45:04,000 AND FOR, AS I REMEMBER IT, NEARLY TWO YEARS 1882 01:45:04,000 --> 01:45:08,000 I NOT ONLY WENT WITHOUT SEX BUT I GAVE UP A LOVER 1883 01:45:08,000 --> 01:45:11,000 A MAN I HAD BEEN SEEING AT THE TIME 1884 01:45:11,000 --> 01:45:13,000 UNDER THE PRESSURE OF THE GROUP. 1885 01:45:13,000 --> 01:45:18,000 THIS PROCESS THAT YOU GO THROUGH AS A YOUNG LESBIAN 1886 01:45:18,000 --> 01:45:21,000 OF FINDING EVERYTHING IN SOCIETY NOT FITTING YOU 1887 01:45:21,000 --> 01:45:25,000 YOU HAVE A CHOICE TO BECOME SICK AND MENTALLY ILL 1888 01:45:25,000 --> 01:45:29,000 OR TO TRUST YOURSELF AND FLY WITH THAT. 1889 01:45:29,000 --> 01:45:33,000 WELL, I DECIDED TO TRUST MYSELF AND FLY WITH THAT. 1890 01:45:33,000 --> 01:45:37,000 THE ASSUMPTION IS THAT WOMEN SHOULDN'T LIKE MATH AND SCIENCE. 1891 01:45:37,000 --> 01:45:40,000 THEY'RE SUPPOSED TO LIKE ONLY HOME ECONOMICS 1892 01:45:40,000 --> 01:45:43,000  WHEN THERERE HDRS DS OF WOMEN 1893 01:45:43,000 --> 01:45:46,000 úr WHO LIKE THINGS THEY'RE NOT SUPPOSED TO LIKE. 1894 01:45:46,000 --> 01:45:49,000 THE DAY HAS COME WHEN WE'RE GOING TO DO THEM. 1895 01:45:49,000 --> 01:45:51,000 WE'RE GOING TO TAKE OUR FREEDOM. 1896 01:45:51,000 --> 01:45:52,000 THE WOMEN'S MOVEMENT 1897 01:45:52,000 --> 01:45:54,000 PROVIDED A SAFE HAVEN 1898 01:45:54,000 --> 01:45:56,000 FOR A LOT OF WOMEN 1899 01:45:56,000 --> 01:45:57,000 WHO WERE STRUGGLING 1900 01:45:57,000 --> 01:45:59,000 WITH THEIR SEXUALITY 1901 01:45:59,000 --> 01:46:03,000 AND MIGHT NOT HAVE EVEN KNOWN THEY WERE STRUGGLING. 1902 01:46:03,000 --> 01:46:07,000 I DIDN'T STAY HOME AND COOK AND HAVE BABIES AND MARRY A MAN 1903 01:46:07,000 --> 01:46:12,000 AND DIDN'T IDENTIFY IN PARTICULAR WITH PEOPLE WHO DID. 1904 01:46:12,000 --> 01:46:15,000 THEY KNEW THERE WAS SOMETHING DIFFERENT ABOUT THEM 1905 01:46:15,000 --> 01:46:18,000 AND THEY DIDN'T FIT IN THAT HETEROSEXUAL WORLD 1906 01:46:18,000 --> 01:46:23,000 SO THEY CAME, LIKE I DID, INTO THE WOMEN'S MOVEMENT. 1907 01:46:26,000 --> 01:46:29,000 PARTBUT THERE WAS AAUSE SECRET PART THAT SAIDRIGHT 1908 01:46:29,000 --> 01:46:31,000 "MAYBE I'LL FIND A WOMAN TO LOVE." 1909 01:46:31,000 --> 01:46:34,000 THAT HAPPENED FOR A LOT OF WOMEN. 1910 01:46:34,000 --> 01:46:37,000 MANY LESBIANS WERE THE EARLY BEGINNINGS OF N.O.W. 1911 01:46:37,000 --> 01:46:40,000 AND N.O.W. WAS THE WOMEN'S MOVEMENT THEN. 1912 01:46:40,000 --> 01:46:45,000 LESBIANS WERE IN THE FOREFRONT OF THE BEGINNING OF N.O.W. 1913 01:46:45,000 --> 01:46:50,000 AND STILAR EXCEPT NOBODrS IT 1914 01:46:50,000 --> 01:46:53,000 Arobateau: WHEN THE HIPPIES CAME 1915 01:46:53,000 --> 01:46:56,000 IT WAS A REAL LIBERATING THING 1916 01:46:56,000 --> 01:46:59,000 BECAUSE THEY STARTED WEARING WHATEVER THEY WANTED TO 1917 01:46:59,000 --> 01:47:03,000 AND THEN THAT MADE GAY PEOPLE FEEL FREER TO DO LIKEWISE. 1918 01:47:03,000 --> 01:47:06,000 Streiker: THE FLOWER CHILDREN CAME ALONG IN 1967 1919 01:47:06,000 --> 01:47:11,000 AND TURNED INTO THE HIPPIE MOVEMENT, AND IN ONE GIVEN DAY 1920 01:47:11,000 --> 01:47:16,000 BOUFFANT HAIRSTYLES WENT OUT AND EVERYONE WAS IRONING THEIR HAIR. 1921 01:47:16,000 --> 01:47:19,000 THE ROLE-PLAYING WAS NOT AS OBVIOUS. 1922 01:47:19,000 --> 01:47:22,000 EVERYBODY WAS JUST TURNING INTO BEING A GUY. 1923 01:47:22,000 --> 01:47:25,000 I REALIZED, FOR ME TO BE A HOMOSEXUAL 1924 01:47:25,000 --> 01:47:29,000 IT DIDN'T MEAN THAT I WAS WOMAN'S REPLACEMENT. 1925 01:47:29,000 --> 01:47:30,000 IT JUST MEANT 1926 01:47:30,000 --> 01:47:34,000 THAT I WAS A GUY WHO LIKED GUYS. 1927 01:47:34,000 --> 01:47:36,000 TIME MAGAZINE COMES OUT WITH THIS ARTICLE 1928 01:47:36,000 --> 01:47:39,000 "SAN FRANCISCO, THE CITY OF LOVE"-- 1929 01:47:39,000 --> 01:47:41,000 FREE LOVE ON THE STREETS. 1930 01:47:41,000 --> 01:47:44,000 ♪ DON'T YOU WANT SOMEBODY TO LOVE? ♪ 1931 01:47:44,000 --> 01:47:47,000 ♪ DON'T YOU NEED SOMEBODY TO LOVE? ♪ 1932 01:47:47,000 --> 01:47:51,000 ♪ WON'T YOU LOVE SOMEBODY TO LOVE? ♪ 1933 01:47:51,000 --> 01:47:56,000 ♪ YOU'VE GOT TO FIND SOMEBODY TO LOVE ♪ 1934 01:47:58,000 --> 01:48:02,000 Vilas: YEAH, IT WAS A FASCINATING PERIOD, ACTUALLY. 1935 01:48:02,000 --> 01:48:07,000 THERE WAS AN ORGANIZATION CALLED THE YCHEDELIC VENUS CHURCH 1936 01:48:07,000 --> 01:48:10,000 IN BERKELEY, WHICH WAS A GAY CHURCH. 1937 01:48:10,000 --> 01:48:13,000 IT CO-SPONSORED PARTIES IN THE CITY. 1938 01:48:13,000 --> 01:48:15,000 THEY WERE ORGIES, BASICALLY. 1939 01:48:15,000 --> 01:48:19,000 YOU COULD TAKE YOUR CLOTHES OFF AND PUT THEM IN A BAG. 1940 01:48:19,000 --> 01:48:21,000 THERE WOULD BE WINE. 1941 01:48:21,000 --> 01:48:25,000 PEOPLE WOULD BRING THEIR GRASS IN AND WHAT HAVE YOU. 1942 01:48:25,000 --> 01:48:28,000 VERY NEW SCENE, NEW TO ME, AND QUITE FASCINATING. 1943 01:48:28,000 --> 01:48:32,000 THE REVOLUTION IN THIS COUNTRY 1944 01:48:32,000 --> 01:48:34,000 IS PEOPLE COMING FORTH 1945 01:48:34,000 --> 01:48:36,000 TO DEMAND FREEDOM. 1946 01:48:36,000 --> 01:48:38,000 ( cheering, applause ) 1947 01:48:38,000 --> 01:48:42,000 ALL RIGHT! ALL RIGHT! 1948 01:48:42,000 --> 01:48:47,000 THE LATTER PART OF THE '60s, IN GRADUALLY ESCALATING FASHION 1949 01:48:47,000 --> 01:48:49,000 WERE A PERIOD OF ENORMOUS FERMENT. 1950 01:48:49,000 --> 01:48:53,000 ♪ ALL WE ARE SAYING 1951 01:48:53,000 --> 01:48:56,000 ♪ IS TO END THE WAR... NOW! 1952 01:48:56,000 --> 01:49:00,000 Kameny: IT WAS A PERIOD OF ENORMOUS SOCIAL TURMOIL 1953 01:49:00,000 --> 01:49:02,000 WHICH HAD ITS IMPACT ON GAYS AS WELL. 1954 01:49:02,000 --> 01:49:05,000 WE WERE LIVING IN THE LARGER SOCIETY. 1955 01:49:05,000 --> 01:49:07,000 ♪ ALL WE ARE SAYING... 1956 01:49:07,000 --> 01:49:11,000 Jheri: IN THE BLACK COMMUNITY, IT WAS REALLY BAD 1957 01:49:11,000 --> 01:49:15,000 BECAUSE ALMOST EVERY TIME YOU WOULD WALK OUT OF THE HOUSE 1958 01:49:15,000 --> 01:49:17,000 YOU WERE BEING STOPPED. 1959 01:49:17,000 --> 01:49:21,000 I THINK THE YOUNG GAYS PUT UP THE BIGGEST FIGHT-- 1960 01:49:21,000 --> 01:49:24,000 IT WAS LIKE, "I GUESS IT'S OKAY TO FIGHT." 1961 01:49:24,000 --> 01:49:29,000 ♪ WE WERE ALL OUTLAWS IN THE EYES OF AMERICA ♪ 1962 01:49:33,000 --> 01:49:38,000 ♪ IN ORDER SURVIVE WE STEAL, CHT, LIE... ♪ 1963 01:49:41,000 --> 01:49:43,000 ♪ WE ARE OBSCENE, LAWLESS, HIDEOUS ♪ 1964 01:49:43,000 --> 01:49:46,000 ♪ DANGEROUS, DIRTY, VIOLENT 1965 01:49:46,000 --> 01:49:50,000 ♪ AND YOUNG... 1966 01:49:50,000 --> 01:49:54,000 ♪ WE SHOULD BE TOGETHER 1967 01:49:54,000 --> 01:49:58,000 ♪ COME ON, ALL YOU PEOPLE STANDING AROUND... ♪ 1968 01:49:58,000 --> 01:50:02,000 Rodwell: THERE WAS A VERY VOLATILE ACT OF POLITICAL FEELING 1969 01:50:02,000 --> 01:50:04,000 ESPECIALLY AMONG YOUNG PEOPLE. 1970 01:50:04,000 --> 01:50:07,000 ON THE NIGHT OF THE STONEWALL RIOTS 1971 01:50:07,000 --> 01:50:10,000 EVERYTHING CAME TOGETHER. 1972 01:50:10,000 --> 01:50:13,000 PEOPLE ASK, "WHAT WAS SPECIAL ABOUT THAT NIGHT 1973 01:50:13,000 --> 01:50:15,000 FRIDAY, JUNE 27, 1969?" 1974 01:50:15,000 --> 01:50:19,000 THERE WAS NO ONE THING THAT WAS SPECIAL ABOUT IT. 1975 01:50:19,000 --> 01:50:21,000 IT WAS EVERYTHING COMING TOGETHER 1976 01:50:21,000 --> 01:50:23,000 ONE OF THOSE MOMENTS IN HISTORY. 1977 01:50:23,000 --> 01:50:25,000 IF YOU WERE THERE, YOU KNEW: 1978 01:50:25,000 --> 01:50:28,000 THIS IS WHAT WE'VE BEEN WAITING FOR. 1979 01:50:28,000 --> 01:50:33,000 ( sirens, shouting ) 1980 01:50:34,000 --> 01:50:37,000 Crowd chanting: SAY IT LOUD-- GAY AND PROUD! 1981 01:50:37,000 --> 01:50:41,000 Man: THEY DECIDED, "WE'VE HAD ENOUGH OF THIS KIND OF THING 1982 01:50:41,000 --> 01:50:43,000 WE'RE GOING TO FIGHT BACK." 1983 01:50:43,000 --> 01:50:47,000 THE PATRONS, INSTEAD OF TIMIDLY TAKING IT 1984 01:50:47,000 --> 01:50:51,000 ACTUALLY HURLED ROCKS AND BOTTLES BACK AT THE POLICE. 1985 01:50:51,000 --> 01:50:54,000 THE RIOTING WENT ON FOR A COUPLE OF DAYS. 1986 01:50:54,000 --> 01:50:57,000 IT SAID "STONEWALL" UP AND DOWN 1987 01:50:57,000 --> 01:50:59,000 THEN "INN" ACROSS THE BOTTOM. 1988 01:50:59,000 --> 01:51:03,000 THE NEXT FEW NIGHTS WERE A REPETITION OF THE RIOTING. 1989 01:51:03,000 --> 01:51:06,000 A LOT OF GAY PEOPLE WOULD APPEAR ON THE STREETS 1990 01:51:06,000 --> 01:51:08,000 IN THIS WHOLE AREA. 1991 01:51:08,000 --> 01:51:12,000 FIRE ALARM BOXES WERE PULLED, TRASH CANS WERE SET ON FIRE. 1992 01:51:12,000 --> 01:51:14,000 THERE WAS A CHANCE OF GAY POWER. 1993 01:51:14,000 --> 01:51:15,000 THEY FELT INJUSTICE. 1994 01:51:15,000 --> 01:51:18,000 THAT EXPRESSION OF FEELING RADIATED ACROSS THE COUNTRY. 1995 01:51:18,000 --> 01:51:20,000 IT GAVE ME THE COURAGE 1996 01:51:20,000 --> 01:51:23,000 TO ALSO COME OUT AND SAY "NO MORE" 1997 01:51:23,000 --> 01:51:27,000 AS FAR AS MY WORK AND PRIVATE LIFE WAS CONCERNED. 1998 01:51:27,000 --> 01:51:30,000 THAT'S WHEN I BECAME A GAY ACTIVIST. 1999 01:51:30,000 --> 01:51:32,000 THE SPIRIT OF THAT MOVEMENT 2000 01:51:32,000 --> 01:51:35,000 CARRIED ALL THE WAY OUT TO THE WEST COAST. 2001 01:51:35,000 --> 01:51:37,000 WOULDN'T YOU AGREE? 2002 01:51:37,000 --> 01:51:42,000 YES. 2003 01:51:43,000 --> 01:51:46,000 ♪ I'M GAY AND I'M PROUD, I'LL SING IT ALOUD ♪ 2004 01:51:46,000 --> 01:51:49,000 ♪ I'M NOT AFRAID TO BE ME ANYMORE ♪ 2005 01:51:49,000 --> 01:51:51,000 ♪ TELL YOUR SISTER, TELL YOUR BROTHER ♪ 2006 01:51:51,000 --> 01:51:54,000 ♪ IT'S OKAY TO LOVE ONE ANOTHER ♪ 2007 01:51:54,000 --> 01:51:59,000 ♪ SING IT ALOUD, I'M GAY AND I'M PROUD. ♪ 2008 01:52:03,000 --> 01:52:05,000 Gittings: THE TIDE REALLY TURNED A LARGE NUMBER OF GAY PEOPLE 2009 01:52:05,000 --> 01:52:08,000 WHO HAD NOT KNOWN ABOUT THE MOVEMENT BEFORE 2010 01:52:08,000 --> 01:52:11,000 HEARD ABOUT IT AND SAID, "I'M GOING TO JOIN THIS" 2011 01:52:11,000 --> 01:52:14,000 OR "I'M GOING TO START SOMETHING OF MY OWN." 2012 01:52:14,000 --> 01:52:17,000 ♪ OH, I'M NOT AFRAID TO BE ME 2013 01:52:17,000 --> 01:52:21,000 ♪ TELL YOUR SISTER, TELL YOUR BROTHER ♪ 2014 01:52:21,000 --> 01:52:26,000 ♪ IT'S OKAY TO I'M Y AND I'M PROUD. ♪rj, 2015 01:52:32,000 --> 01:52:35,000 BY JOINING AND UNITING ALL OF S 2016 01:52:35,000 --> 01:52:37,000 WE HAVE REALLY GAINED POWER 2017 01:52:37,000 --> 01:52:40,000 AND EVEN IN SMALL COMMUNITIES 2018 01:52:40,000 --> 01:52:43,000 WHETHER IT'S KALAMAZOO OR TIMBUKTU 2019 01:52:43,000 --> 01:52:45,000 OUR VOICES ARE HEARD THERE 2020 01:52:45,000 --> 01:52:49,000 AND FROM THE TIME OF STONEHENGE TO STONEWALL 2021 01:52:49,000 --> 01:52:54,000 THIS HAS BEEN THE STRUGGLE, AND WE'RE WINNING. 2022 01:53:17,000 --> 01:53:19,000 CAPTIONED BY THE CAPTION CENTER WGBH EDUCATIONAL FOUNDATION 2023 01:53:19,000 --> 01:53:22,000 ♪ ...WHY SHOULD YOU BE THOUGHT A FOOL ♪ 2024 01:53:22,000 --> 01:53:25,000 ♪ FOR NOT CONFORMING TO THE RULE ♪ 2025 01:53:25,000 --> 01:53:30,000 ♪ IT HAS ITS ADVANTAGES, I'VE FOUND ♪ 2026 01:53:30,000 --> 01:53:32,000 ♪ NOW, THE LADIES ARE THE FAIREST SEX ♪ 2027 01:53:32,000 --> 01:53:35,000 ♪ AS EVERYBODY KNOWS 2028 01:53:35,000 --> 01:53:37,000 ♪ THEIR CHARMS ARE EMPHASIZED IN ADS ♪ 2029 01:53:37,000 --> 01:53:40,000 ♪ AND EVEN MOVING PICTURE SHOWS ♪ 2030 01:53:40,000 --> 01:53:44,000 ♪ I CAN'T CONVINCE THE FELLOWS I'M NOT DAFFY IN THE HEAD ♪ 2031 01:53:44,000 --> 01:53:47,000 ♪ 'CAUSE I'M SAVING ALL MY KISSES ♪ 2032 01:53:47,000 --> 01:53:50,000 ♪ FOR THE LITTLE GIRLS INSTEAD ♪ 2033 01:53:50,000 --> 01:53:52,000 ♪ MAMA NATURE PLAYED IT SMART 2034 01:53:52,000 --> 01:53:55,000 ♪ WHEN SHE TIED A STRING AROUND MY HEART ♪ 2035 01:53:55,000 --> 01:53:59,000 ♪ AND SAID, "NO, NO, NO, NO" TO ME ♪ 2036 01:53:59,000 --> 01:54:02,000 ♪ MY KIND OF LOVING'S LOTS OF FUN ♪ 2037 01:54:02,000 --> 01:54:05,000 ♪ BUT I'M GLAD WHEN ALL IS SAID AND DONE ♪ 2038 01:54:05,000 --> 01:54:10,000 ♪ THERE'S NO, NO RESPONSIBILITY ♪ 2039 01:54:10,000 --> 01:54:12,000 ♪ NOW, SCIENCE CLAIMS THAT LIKES REPEL ♪ 2040 01:54:12,000 --> 01:54:15,000 ♪ AND OPPOSITES ATTRACT 2041 01:54:15,000 --> 01:54:17,000 ♪ BUT SINCE I'VE BEEN IN HOLLYWOOD ♪ 2042 01:54:17,000 --> 01:54:20,000 ♪ I SURE DON'T HOLD THAT THAT'S A FACT ♪ 2043 01:54:20,000 --> 01:54:22,000 ♪ WHENE'ER I SEE A LIKELY LASSIE ♪ 2044 01:54:22,000 --> 01:54:24,000 ♪ SWAYING DOWN THE STREET 2045 01:54:24,000 --> 01:54:27,000 ♪ I MUST CURB MY NATURAL URGE 2046 01:54:27,000 --> 01:54:30,000 ♪ TO WHISTLE AT EACH ONE I MEET ♪ 2047 01:54:30,000 --> 01:54:32,000 ♪ NEVER ACT AS THOUGH YOU MIND ♪ 2048 01:54:32,000 --> 01:54:35,000 ♪ IF PEOPLE SOMETIMES SEEM UNKIND ♪ 2049 01:54:35,000 --> 01:54:39,000 ♪ KEEP SMILING, THOUGH YOU MAY BE BLUE ♪ 2050 01:54:39,000 --> 01:54:42,000 ♪ AND NO MATTER WHAT YOU ARE 2051 01:54:42,000 --> 01:54:45,000 ♪ IF YOU HITCH YOUR WAGON TO A STAR... ♪ 2052 01:54:45,000 --> 01:54:47,000 CAPTIONS COPYRIGHT BEFORE STONEWALL, INC. 2053 01:54:47,000 --> 01:54:52,000 MAJOR FUNDING FOR THIS PROGRAM HAS BEEN PROVIDED BY: 2054 01:54:52,000 --> 01:54:57,000 WITH ADDITIONAL FUNDS FROM: 2055 02:25:31,000 --> 02:25:34,000 BRUCE BB A G RRD COUP 2056 02:25:34,000 --> 02:25:37,000 AT THE BEGINNING OF THEIR LIFE TOGETHER. 2057 02:25:37,000 --> 02:25:40,000 THERE'S ONLY ONE PROBLEM: BOBBIE HAS AIDS. 2058 02:25:40,000 --> 02:25:44,000 SHE IS ONLY ONE OF OVER 11,000 AMERICANS WITH THE DISEASE. 2059 02:25:44,000 --> 02:25:46,000 ANOTHER 15,000 HAVE ALREADY DIED. 2060 02:25:46,000 --> 02:25:48,000 IN THE FACE OF THIS NEW AND DEADLY EPIDEMIC 2061 02:25:48,000 --> 02:25:51,000 SCIENCE IS ENGAGED IN A DESPERATE FIGHT 2062 02:25:51,000 --> 02:25:53,000 TO UNDERSTAND AND OVERCOME THE AIDS VIRUS. 2063 02:25:53,000 --> 02:25:56,000 WHAT WE'RE FINDING IS TRULY ASTOUNDING. 2064 02:25:56,000 --> 02:26:00,000 IT'S AS IF THIS VIRUS COMES FROM THE DEPTHS OF THE SEA 2065 02:26:00,000 --> 02:26:02,000 ENCRUSTED WITH NEW BIOLOGICAL ORGANISMS 2066 02:26:02,000 --> 02:26:05,000 THAT WE'VE NEVER SEEN BEFORE AT ALL, IN ALL OF BIOLOGY. 2067 02:26:05,000 --> 02:26:07,000 THE SCIENTISTS, SOCIETY 2068 02:26:07,000 --> 02:26:10,000 AND THE VICTIMS ARE DRAWN TOGETHER 2069 02:26:10,000 --> 02:26:15,000 BY A SINGLE HAUNTING QUESTION: 2070 02:26:19,000 --> 02:26:24,000 MAJOR FUNDING FOR NOVA IS PROVIDED BY: 2071 02:26:26,000 --> 02:26:30,000 ADDITIONAL FUNDING WAS PROVIDED BY: 2072 02:26:30,000 --> 02:26:35,000 SUPPLYING HEALTH CARE PRODUCTS WORLDWIDE. 2073 02:26:35,000 --> 02:26:37,000 AND BY ALLIED SIGNAL 2074 02:26:37,000 --> 02:26:40,000 A TECHNOLOGY LóDER IN AEROSPACE, ELECTRONICS 2075 02:26:40,000 --> 02:26:45,000 AUTOMOTIVE PRODUCTS, AND ENGINEERED MATERIALS. 2076 02:27:10,000 --> 02:27:14,000 MAY I SEE YOUR DRIVER'S LICENSE PLEASE? 2077 02:27:14,000 --> 02:27:18,000 Narrator: U.S. ARMY, FORT DIETRICK, MARYLAND-- 2078 02:27:18,000 --> 02:27:23,000 ONCE RENOWNED FOR ITS BIOLOGICAL WARFARE EXPERIMENTS. 2079 02:27:28,000 --> 02:27:33,000 MORE AIDS VIRUS IS PRODUCED HERE THAN ANYWHERE ELSE IN THE WORLD 2080 02:27:33,000 --> 02:27:37,000 BUT IT'S BEING GRO FOR AN ENTIRELY PEACEFUL PURPOSE. 2081 02:27:37,000 --> 02:27:42,000 IT'S PT OF A RACE TO MAKE A VACCINE 2082 02:27:43,000 --> 02:27:46,000 AGAINST EVER TO CHALLENGEDLY D PEMODERN MEDICIN 2083 02:27:46,000 --> 02:27:47,000 AROUND THE WORLD 2084 02:27:47,000 --> 02:27:51,000 r THERE'S AN INTENSE SCIENTIFIC EFFORT TO UNRAVEL 2085 02:27:51,000 --> 02:27:56,000 E XI O DVIS. 2086 02:28:03,000 --> 02:28:07,000 ITS PRIME TARGET IS A HUMAN WHITE BLOOD CELL. 2087 02:28:07,000 --> 02:28:12,000 USUALLY THE LINCHPIN OF THE BODY'S IMMUNE DEFENSE SYSTEM 2088 02:28:12,000 --> 02:28:17,000 THIS CELL IS CRIPPLED AND ON THE VERGE OF DESTRUCTION. 2089 02:28:17,000 --> 02:28:18,000 LITTERING ITS SURFACE 2090 02:28:18,000 --> 02:28:22,000 HUNDREDS OF VIRUS PARTICLES ARE BUDDING FORTH 2091 02:28:22,000 --> 02:28:25,000 READY TO SPREAD THE DISEASE. 2092 02:28:25,000 --> 02:28:30,000 THIS IS HOW AIDS BEGINS. 2093 02:28:31,000 --> 02:28:34,000 OVER THE LAST THREE OR FOUR YEARS 2094 02:28:34,000 --> 02:28:35,000 WE HAVE SEEN 2095 02:28:35,000 --> 02:28:37,000 OUR WORST PREDICTIONS CONFIRMED. 2096 02:28:37,000 --> 02:28:40,000 MANY OF US HAVE FELT LIKE CASSANDRA 2097 02:28:40,000 --> 02:28:43,000 WHO COULD SEE THE FUTURE, SPEAK THE FUTURE 2098 02:28:43,000 --> 02:28:45,000 BUT WOULD NOT BE BELIEVED. 2099 02:28:45,000 --> 02:28:48,000 FROM NOW ON, THE FACTS WILL SPEAK FOR THEMSELVES. 2100 02:28:48,000 --> 02:28:52,000 WE ARE SEEING THE MOUNTING NUMBER OF AIDS CASES 2101 02:28:52,000 --> 02:28:55,000 THAT WE ANTICIPATED TWO OR THREE YEARS AGO. 2102 02:28:55,000 --> 02:28:58,000 WE ARE SEEING THE DEVASTATING HEALTH EFFECTS 2103 02:28:58,000 --> 02:29:02,000 THE IMPACT ON OUR HEALTH CARE DELIVERY SYSTEM. 2104 02:29:02,000 --> 02:29:04,000 Narrator: AIDS WAS FIRST OBSERVED IN 1981 2105 02:29:04,000 --> 02:29:07,000 WHEN IT AFFECTED ONLY A SMALL GROUP 2106 02:29:07,000 --> 02:29:11,000 OF MALE HOMOSEXUALS AND INTRAVENOUS DRUG USERS. 2107 02:29:11,000 --> 02:29:15,000 AT THE TIME, IT WAS JUST A MEDICAL CURIOSITY. 2108 02:29:15,000 --> 02:29:20,000 jj S Tú 2109 02:29:20,000 --> 02:29:21,000 AT THE TIME, IT WAS JUST A MAND TODAYRIOSITY. 2110 02:29:21,000 --> 02:29:26,000 AIDS THREATENS MILLIONS OF LIVES. 2111 02:29:30,000 --> 02:29:33,000 THE DISEASE IS CAUSED BY THIS VIRUS 2112 02:29:33,000 --> 02:29:35,000 CALLED HTLV-III. 2113 02:29:35,000 --> 02:29:40,000 IT BELONGS TO AN UNUSUAL FAMILY KNOWN AS "RETROVIRUSES" 2114 02:29:41,000 --> 02:29:45,000 ONE OF THE SIMPLEST LIFE-FORMS ON EARTH. 2115 02:29:45,000 --> 02:29:49,000 SCIENTISTS HAVE ONLY RECENTLY DISCOVERED 2116 02:29:49,000 --> 02:29:53,000 HOW RETROVIRUSES DO THEIR DAMAGE. 2117 02:29:53,000 --> 02:29:58,000 WITHIN THE SPIKY OUTER SHELL IS A PROTEIN CORE 2118 02:29:58,000 --> 02:30:02,000 THAT PROTECTS THE VIRUS'S GENETIC HEART 2119 02:30:02,000 --> 02:30:05,000 THE KEY TO ITS DEADLY BEHAVIOR. 2120 02:30:05,000 --> 02:30:06,000 THE VIRAL GENES 2121 02:30:06,000 --> 02:30:08,000 ARE PERMANENTLY INSERTED 2122 02:30:08,000 --> 02:30:11,000 INTO THE NORMAL CELLULAR DNA 2123 02:30:11,000 --> 02:30:13,000 OF THE INFECTED CELL. 2124 02:30:13,000 --> 02:30:15,000 SO THAT INFECTION IS FOREVER 2125 02:30:15,000 --> 02:30:20,000 BECAUSE THE VIRAL GENES ARE NOW PART OF THE CELLULAR GENES 2126 02:30:20,000 --> 02:30:21,000 INTEGRATED RIGHT IN. 2127 02:30:21,000 --> 02:30:25,000 Narrator: THIS INTEGRATION OCCURS 2128 02:30:25,000 --> 02:30:28,000 WHEN THE SHORT CHAIN OF VIRAL GENES 2129 02:30:28,000 --> 02:30:31,000 INVADES THE DNA OF A HUMAN CELL. 2130 02:30:31,000 --> 02:30:35,000 THE HUMAN CELL IS NOW TAKEN OVER 2131 02:30:35,000 --> 02:30:37,000 AND INFECTION HAS BEGUN. 2132 02:30:37,000 --> 02:30:42,000 Gallo: NOT ONLY IS THAT CELL INFECTED FOR A LIFETIME; 2133 02:30:43,000 --> 02:30:45,000 WHEN THAT CELL DIVIDES 2134 02:30:45,000 --> 02:30:47,000 THE DAUGHTER CELLS WILL ALSO HAVE 2135 02:30:47,000 --> 02:30:51,000 NOT ONLY THE CELL GENES, BUT ALSO THE VIRAL GENES. 2136 02:30:51,000 --> 02:30:56,000 SO INFECTION OF THE PERSON IS FOREVER. 2137 02:30:58,000 --> 02:31:02,000 Narrator: AND INFECTION BY THE AIDS VIRUS 2138 02:31:02,000 --> 02:31:07,000 CAN SPELL DISASTER. 2139 02:31:08,000 --> 02:31:11,000 BOBBIE AND BRUCE HAD BEEN MARRACUTñR LESS THAN A YEAP 2140 02:31:11,000 --> 02:31:13,000 HER LUNG INFECTION 2141 02:31:13,000 --> 02:31:17,000 WAS THE FIRST INDICATION THERE WAS A PROBLEM. 2142 02:31:17,000 --> 02:31:18,000 jrjjjr I WAS SO SICK. 2143 02:31:18,000 --> 02:31:20,000 WAS THE FIRST INDICATION I HAD HIGH TEMPERATURES. 2144 02:31:20,000 --> 02:31:23,000 I HAD IMMEDIATELY LOST 15 POUNDS. 2145 02:31:23,000 --> 02:31:28,000 I HAD DIFFICULTY BREATHING. 2146 02:31:28,000 --> 02:31:30,000 BOBB HAD RUIRED A BLOOD TRANSFUSION. 2147 02:31:30,000 --> 02:31:33,000 AT THAT TIME, THERE WAS NO ACCURATE TEST 2148 02:31:33,000 --> 02:31:35,000 FOR THE AIDS VIRUS IN BLOOD. 2149 02:31:35,000 --> 02:31:39,000 ONE OF THE UNITS BOBBIE RECEIVED WAS CONTAMINATED. 2150 02:31:39,000 --> 02:31:43,000 IN THE SUMR OF 1985, SHE WAS DIAGNOSED WITH AIDS. 2151 02:31:43,000 --> 02:31:44,000 I WAS SCARED. 2152 02:31:44,000 --> 02:31:48,000 I IMMEDIATELY THOUGHT BACK TO THE BLOOD TRANSFUSIONS 2153 02:31:48,000 --> 02:31:52,000 AND KNEW THAT'S EXACTLY WHERE IT CAME FROM. 2154 02:31:52,000 --> 02:31:56,000 AND I WAS, FIRST OF ALL, VERY SCARED OF DYING. 2155 02:31:56,000 --> 02:31:59,000 I'VE DONE A LOT OF READING ON AIDS, BEING A NURSE 2156 02:31:59,000 --> 02:32:04,000 AND I KNOW THAT THE OUTLOOK WAS SUPPOSEDLY VERY BAD 2157 02:32:04,000 --> 02:32:07,000 THAT PEOPLE DON'T SURVIVE OVER THREE YEARS 2158 02:32:07,000 --> 02:32:10,000 AND THE PATIENTS THAT I'VE SEEN 2159 02:32:10,000 --> 02:32:11,000 WHO'VE HAVE THE AIDS 2160 02:32:11,000 --> 02:32:16,000  THEY WERE ALL VERY, VE SICK PEOPLE, JUST DYING PEOPLE 2161 02:32:16,000 --> 02:32:19,000 Bruce: IT WAS JUST UNBELIEVABLE SADNESS 2162 02:32:19,000 --> 02:32:22,000 THAT THIS WOULD HAPPEN TO HER 2163 02:32:22,000 --> 02:32:26,000 THAT WE WERE BASICALLY JUST STARTING OUT ON OUR LIVES 2164 02:32:26,000 --> 02:32:30,000 AND TO THINK THAT INSTEAD OF ALL THE GOOD THINGS 2165 02:32:30,000 --> 02:32:34,000 THAT YOU TRY TO EXPECT, AT LEAST AT THE BEGINNING 2166 02:32:34,000 --> 02:32:38,000 THAT IMMEDIATELY IT'S GOING TO BE JUST SICKNESS AND PAIN. 2167 02:32:38,000 --> 02:32:40,000 AND IT'S VERY UNFAIR. 2168 02:32:40,000 --> 02:32:44,000 Narrator: THE AIDS VIRUS TARGETS THE BODY'S IMMUNE SYSTEM 2169 02:32:44,000 --> 02:32:46,000 r CAUSING TO BREAK DOWN. 2170 02:32:46,000 --> 02:32:49,000 ITS VICTIMS SUCCUMB TO INFECTIONS 2171 02:32:49,000 --> 02:32:51,000 THAT THEY CAN NO LONGER FIGHT OFF. 2172 02:32:51,000 --> 02:32:55,000 THE PROCESS BEGINS IN THE BLOOD. 2173 02:32:55,000 --> 02:32:58,000 IT'S THE BODY'S WHITE BLOOD CELLS 2174 02:32:58,000 --> 02:33:02,000 THAT ARE RESPONSIBLE FOR THE IMMUNE DEFENSE SYSTEM. 2175 02:33:02,000 --> 02:33:06,000 THERE ARE MANY DIFFERENT VARIETIES OF WHITE BLOOD CELL 2176 02:33:06,000 --> 02:33:10,000 WHICH ACT TOGETHER TO PROTECT THE BODY FROM INFECTION. 2177 02:33:10,000 --> 02:33:13,000 THE AIDS VIRUS ATTACKS AND KILLS A SPECIFIC CELL 2178 02:33:13,000 --> 02:33:16,000 CALLED THE T-4 HELPER LYMPHOCYTE. 2179 02:33:16,000 --> 02:33:18,000 WITHOUT THE T-4 CELLS 2180 02:33:18,000 --> 02:33:23,000 THE IMMUNE SYSTEM PLUNGES INTO CHAOS. 2181 02:33:27,000 --> 02:33:32,000 THE VIRUS FUSES WITH THE T-4 CELL'S OUTER MEMBRANE 2182 02:33:32,000 --> 02:33:36,000 INJECTS ITS GENETIC BLUEPRINT INTO THE CELL 2183 02:33:36,000 --> 02:33:41,000 AND BEGINS THE INSIDIOUS PROCESS OF TAKING CONTROL. 2184 02:33:41,000 --> 02:33:44,000 THE RESULTS CAN BE DEVASTATING. 2185 02:33:44,000 --> 02:33:47,000 IT'S DEVASTATING BECAUSE IT CAN ATTACK 2186 02:33:47,000 --> 02:33:49,000 THE CRITICAL CELL OF THE IMMUNE SYSTEM 2187 02:33:49,000 --> 02:33:53,000 THE T-4 CELL, WHICH REGULATES IMMUNE MECHANISMS 2188 02:33:53,000 --> 02:33:56,000 AND THEREFORE YOU GET OPPORTUNISTIC INFECTIONS. 2189 02:33:56,000 --> 02:33:58,000 THAT MEANS AN INFECTION 2190 02:33:58,000 --> 02:34:01,000 BY AN ORGANISM WHICH NORMALLY DOESN'T HURT YOU 2191 02:34:01,000 --> 02:34:04,000 BUT IN THIS CASE, IT'LL HURT YOU 2192 02:34:04,000 --> 02:34:07,000 BECAUSE YOU DON'T HAVE PROPER FUNCTIONING 2193 02:34:07,000 --> 02:34:08,000 OF YOUR IMMUNE SYSTEM. 2194 02:34:08,000 --> 02:34:12,000 THINGS THAT WE NORMALLY LIVE WITH, CAN KILL. 2195 02:34:12,000 --> 02:34:16,000 Narrator: THE AIDS VIRUS DOESN'T ATTACK JUST THE IMMUNE SYSTEM. 2196 02:34:16,000 --> 02:34:19,000 IT CAN ALSO INFECT THE BRAIN. 2197 02:34:19,000 --> 02:34:20,000 IN INFECTING THE BRAIN 2198 02:34:20,000 --> 02:34:23,000 IT CAN CAUSE DEMENTIA AND DEATH, DIRECTLY. 2199 02:34:23,000 --> 02:34:26,000 THESE CASES OFTEN GO UNREPORTED 2200 02:34:26,000 --> 02:34:31,000 BECAUSE THEY'RE NOT SHOWING UP AS AIDS, BUT AS BRAIN DISEASE. 2201 02:34:49,000 --> 02:34:54,000 THEY WANT TO FIND OUT HOW MANY PEOPLE INFECTED WITH THE VIRUSN 2202 02:34:54,000 --> 02:34:57,000 SHOW SIGNS OF MENTAL PROBLEMS 2203 02:34:57,000 --> 02:35:00,000 AND TO DETERMINE THE SEVERIMPMS. 2204 02:35:00,000 --> 02:35:04,000  RESEARCHERS MARK GREENBERG AND ALEXANDRA BECKETT 2205 02:35:04,000 --> 02:35:08,000 HAVE BEGUN A LONG-TERM PSYCHOLOGICAL STUDY 2206 02:35:08,000 --> 02:35:12,000 OF 150 PEOPLE WHO HAVE BEEN INFECTED BY THE AIDS VIRUS. 2207 02:35:12,000 --> 02:35:15,000 SOME PEOPLE INFECTED WITH THE VIRUS 2208 02:35:15,000 --> 02:35:17,000 CAN EXPERIENCE MENTAL PROBLEMS 2209 02:35:17,000 --> 02:35:21,000 LONG BEFORE THEY SHOW SERIOUS SYMPTOMS OF DISEASE. 2210 02:35:21,000 --> 02:35:24,000 THIS VOLUNTEER, FOR EXAMPLE 2211 02:35:24,000 --> 02:35:27,000 HAS ONLY A MILDLY DAMAGED IMMUNE SYSTEM. 2212 02:35:27,000 --> 02:35:30,000 Man: I USED TO HAVE A REAL GOOD MEMORY. 2213 02:35:30,000 --> 02:35:32,000 YOU'D GIVE ME A LIST OF 100 EMS 2214 02:35:32,000 --> 02:35:37,000 AND I COULD READ THEM BACK TO YOU FRONTWARDS, BACKWARDS. 2215 02:35:37,000 --> 02:35:40,000 NOW I GO TO THE STORE FOR FIVE ITEMS 2216 02:35:40,000 --> 02:35:42,000 AND I FORGET THREE OF THEM. 2217 02:35:42,000 --> 02:35:47,000 Narrator: BRAIN SCANS REVEAL THE DAMAGE THAT CAN BE DONE BY THE VIRUS. 2218 02:35:47,000 --> 02:35:50,000 THE BRAIN LITERALLY SHRINKS 2219 02:35:50,000 --> 02:35:54,000 AND FLUID, SHOWN HERE IN BLACK, FILLS THE SPACE. 2220 02:35:54,000 --> 02:35:59,000 OVER 50% OF AIDS PATIENTS MAY ULTIMATELY SUFFER FROM DEMENTIA. 2221 02:35:59,000 --> 02:36:02,000 THE COMPLAINTS THAT WE'VE MOST OFTEN HEARD 2222 02:36:02,000 --> 02:36:03,000 ARE THAT PEOPLE ARE HAVING 2223 02:36:03,000 --> 02:36:05,000 DIFFICULTY CONCENTRATING. 2224 02:36:05,000 --> 02:36:08,000 WE HAVE COMMONLY HAD PEOPLE DESCRIBE EPISODES 2225 02:36:08,000 --> 02:36:11,000 DURING WHICH THEY HAVE A SUDDEN STRONG EMOTION 2226 02:36:11,000 --> 02:36:15,000 UNPRECIPITATED BY ANYTHING THAT THEY CAN POINT TO. 2227 02:36:15,000 --> 02:36:19,000 THEY FEEL THEY'RE PERFORMING LESS WELL THAN THEY USED TO 2228 02:36:19,000 --> 02:36:23,000 AT TASKS THAT THEY ARE QUITE FAMILIAR WITH. 2229 02:36:23,000 --> 02:36:27,000 Narrat EPEATIHE TESNG ULERVALS GO. 2230 02:36:27,000 --> 02:36:31,000 THE REARCHERS CAN MONITOR THE COURSE OF THE DISEASE. 2231 02:36:31,000 --> 02:36:32,000 STOP. 2232 02:36:32,000 --> 02:36:36,000 Narrator: BRAIN DAGE IS SOMETHING 2233 02:36:36,000 --> 02:36:41,000 MANY PEOPLE INFECTED WITH THE VIRUS WILL HAVE TO FACE. 2234 02:36:41,000 --> 02:36:42,000 I'M LESS UPSET BY IT. 2235 02:36:42,000 --> 02:36:46,000 I SAID, "THAT'S WHAT'S HAPPENING," AND I LIVE WITH IT. 2236 02:36:46,000 --> 02:36:50,000 DIABETICS LIVE WITH THE FACT THAT THEY HAVE TO TAKE INSULIN 2237 02:36:50,000 --> 02:36:52,000 AND THEY HAVE PROBLEMS WITH THAT 2238 02:36:52,000 --> 02:36:54,000 AND I HAVE THIS VIRUS 2239 02:36:54,000 --> 02:36:57,000 AND I LIVE WITH THE PROBLEMS THAT IT BRINGS. 2240 02:36:57,000 --> 02:37:00,000 Narrator: SO AIDS POSES A DOUBLE THREAT 2241 02:37:00,000 --> 02:37:04,000 IN ATTACKING THE IMMUNE SYSTEM AND THE BRAIN. 2242 02:37:04,000 --> 02:37:07,000 HOW MANY PEOPLE ARE AT RISK? 2243 02:37:07,000 --> 02:37:10,000 IT'S A CHARACTERISTIC OF THIS DISEASE 2244 02:37:10,000 --> 02:37:15,000 THAT MANY PEOPLE INFECTED WITH THE AIDS VIRUS DO NOT HAVE AIDS. 2245 02:37:15,000 --> 02:37:18,000 BUT OUT OF 10INFECTED INDIVIDUALS 2246 02:37:18,000 --> 02:37:22,000 ABOUT A DOZEN EACH YEAR DEVELOP EARLY SYMPTOMS 2247 02:37:22,000 --> 02:37:25,000 CALLED "ARC," AIDS-RELATED COMPLEX. 2248 02:37:25,000 --> 02:37:27,000 WITH EACH ADDITIONAL YEAR 2249 02:37:27,000 --> 02:37:32,000 A PROPORTION OF THOSE WITH ARC WILL DEVELOP FULL-BLOWN AIDS. 2250 02:37:32,000 --> 02:37:36,000 WILL ANY OF THOSE INFECTED FIGHT OFFTHE DISEASE 2251 02:37:36,000 --> 02:37:38,000 OR WILL EVERYONE EVENTUALLY SUCCUMB? 2252 02:37:38,000 --> 02:37:43,000 IT'S A CRUCIAL QUESTION, BECAUSE THE NUMBERS COULD BE ENORMOUS. 2253 02:37:44,000 --> 02:37:46,000 WE HAVE NO GOOD ANSWER 2254 02:37:46,000 --> 02:37:49,000 TO WHAT THE PERCENTAGE OF PEOPLE 2255 02:37:49,000 --> 02:37:51,000 WHO GET TRULY INFECTED ARE 2256 02:37:51,000 --> 02:37:54,000 WHO WILL DEVELOP FATAL DISEASE. 2257 02:37:54,000 --> 02:37:59,000 WE CAN ONLY SAWHAT A MINIMUM IS AT ANY PERIOD OF TIME. 2258 02:37:59,000 --> 02:38:02,000 I THINK THE MINIMUM WILL BE 10%. 2259 02:38:02,000 --> 02:38:04,000 IT'LL PROBABLY BE MORE. 2260 02:38:04,000 --> 02:38:08,000 Narrator: NEW CASES OF FULL-BLOWN AIDS ARE BEING DIAGNOSED 2261 02:38:08,000 --> 02:38:11,000 AT THE RATE OF 1,000 PER MONTH. 2262 02:38:11,000 --> 02:38:13,000 IN FIVE YEARS, IT IS ESTIMATED 2263 02:38:13,000 --> 02:38:17,000 THAT 270,000 AMERICANS WILL HAVE FULL-BLOWN AIDS 2264 02:38:17,000 --> 02:38:21,000 AND MILLIONS MORE WILL BE INFECTED WITH THE VIRUS. 2265 02:38:21,000 --> 02:38:24,000 AROUND THE WORLD, THE DISEASE IS ON THE INCREASE. 2266 02:38:24,000 --> 02:38:26,000 IN THE LAST FEW YEARS 2267 02:38:26,000 --> 02:38:31,000 A LETHAL FORM OF THE AIDS VIRUS HAS BECOME WIDESPREAD 2268 02:38:31,000 --> 02:38:34,000 IN SEVERAL CENTRAAFRICAN COUNTRIES. 2269 02:38:34,000 --> 02:38:37,000 POLITICAL CONDITIONS MAKE RESEARCH DIFFICULT 2270 02:38:37,000 --> 02:38:42,000 BUT WESTERN SPECIALISTS BELIEVE THAT ACROSS THE CONTINENT 2271 02:38:42,000 --> 02:38:47,000 MILLIONS ARE INFECTED AND TENS OF THOUSANDS ARE DYING. 2272 02:38:47,000 --> 02:38:50,000 IN EUROPE, NUMBERS ARE MORE CERTAIN. 2273 02:38:50,000 --> 02:38:52,000 THE THREE MOST AFFECTED COUNTRIES 2274 02:38:52,000 --> 02:38:56,000 ARE FRANCE, WEST GERMANY AND THE UNITED KINGDOM. 2275 02:38:56,000 --> 02:38:58,000 AT THE LATEST COUNT 2276 02:38:58,000 --> 02:39:02,000 THERE WERE ALMOST 3,000 IN EUROPE AS A WHOLE. 2277 02:39:02,000 --> 02:39:03,000 IN THE UNITED STATES 2278 02:39:03,000 --> 02:39:07,000 26,000 CASES OF AIDS HAVE BEEN REPORTED 2279 02:39:07,000 --> 02:39:11,000 AND WELL OVER A MILLION PEOPLE CARRY THE VIRUS 2280 02:39:11,000 --> 02:39:13,000 t WITHOUT YET SHOWING ANY SYMPTOMS. 2281 02:39:13,000 --> 02:39:16,000 THE DISEASE IS CONCENTRATED 2282 02:39:16,000 --> 02:39:20,000 IN SAN FRANCISCO, LOS ANGELES, NEW YORK AND MIAMI 2283 02:39:20,000 --> 02:39:25,000 CITIES WITH LARGE POPULATIONS OF HOMOSEXUALS AND I.V. DRUG USERS. 2284 02:39:25,000 --> 02:39:30,000 THE SAME MAJOR RISK GROUPS ARE AFFECTED IN CANADA AND HAITI 2285 02:39:30,000 --> 02:39:32,000 BOTH WITH AROUND 600 CASES. 2286 02:39:32,000 --> 02:39:36,000 AND IN SOUTH AMERICA, BRAZIL NOW HAS 800 CASES 2287 02:39:36,000 --> 02:39:41,000 IN THE COSMOPOLITAN CITIES OF RIO DE JANEIRO AND SAO PAULO. 2288 02:39:41,000 --> 02:39:44,000 AS FOR THE REST OF THE WORLD 2289 02:39:44,000 --> 02:39:47,000 ONLY AUSTRALIA IS SIGNIFICANTLY AFFECTED 2290 02:39:47,000 --> 02:39:49,000 WITH ABOUT 200 CASES THERE. 2291 02:39:49,000 --> 02:39:53,000 BUT IT'S IN AFRICA THAT AIDS IS AT ITS MOST ACUTE. 2292 02:39:53,000 --> 02:39:57,000 WITH MILLIONS INFECTED, THE QUESTION HAS BECOME 2293 02:39:57,000 --> 02:40:02,000 HOW TO ACCOUNT FOR THE WIDE AND RAPID SPREAD OF THE DISEASE. 2294 02:40:02,000 --> 02:40:07,000 IN 1985, AN INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE WAS HELD IN BRUSSELS 2295 02:40:07,000 --> 02:40:09,000  FOCUSING ON AIDS IN AFRICA. 2296 02:40:09,000 --> 02:40:11,000 SOME AFRICAN GOVERNMENTS 2297 02:40:11,000 --> 02:40:14,000 ARE RELUCTANT TO ACKNOWLEDGE AN EPIDEMIC 2298 02:40:14,000 --> 02:40:17,000 THAT'S ASSOCIATED WITH HOMOSEXUALITY AND DRUG ABUSE. 2299 02:40:17,000 --> 02:40:21,000 IF THERE IS AIDS IN THEIR COUNTRIES, THEY SAY 2300 02:40:21,000 --> 02:40:25,000 IT MUST HAVE BEEN BROUGHT IN BY WESTERN TOURISTS 2301 02:40:25,000 --> 02:40:27,000 PURCHASING HOMOSEXUAL FAVORS. 2302 02:40:27,000 --> 02:40:29,000 IT IS A TABOO. 2303 02:40:29,000 --> 02:40:34,000 r HOMOSEXUALITY IS CULTURALLY A TABOO IN OUR ENVIRONMENT. 2304 02:40:34,000 --> 02:40:36,000 WITH URBANIZATION, POVERTY 2305 02:40:36,000 --> 02:40:41,000 IT IS EASY FOR THESE YOUNG MEN WHO HAVE LOST THEIR IDENTITY 2306 02:40:42,000 --> 02:40:46,000 FROM THE RURAL SETTING INTO THE URBAN AREAS 2307 02:40:46,000 --> 02:40:49,000 TO FALL PREY TO THESE PRACTICES. 2308 02:40:49,000 --> 02:40:52,000 Narrator: BUT THE WEIGHT OF EVIDENCE 2309 02:40:52,000 --> 02:40:56,000 DOESN'T SUPPORT THE ARGUMENT FOR HOMOSEXUAL SPREAD ALONE. 2310 02:40:56,000 --> 02:41:00,000 FOR THE DISEASE IN AFRICA AFFECTS ALMOST EQUAL NUMBERS 2311 02:41:00,000 --> 02:41:02,000 OF MALES AND FEMALES. 2312 02:41:02,000 --> 02:41:03,000 THIS SUGGESTS 2313 02:41:03,000 --> 02:41:06,000 THAT AIDS MAY ALSO BE SPREAD HETEROSEXUALLY 2314 02:41:06,000 --> 02:41:09,000 THUS ENLARGING THE GROUP OF PEOPLE AT RISK. 2315 02:41:09,000 --> 02:41:11,000 I'VE BECOME MORE CONVINCED 2316 02:41:11,000 --> 02:41:13,000 THAN I WAS BEFORE 2317 02:41:13,000 --> 02:41:14,000 THAT AIDS IN AFRICA 2318 02:41:14,000 --> 02:41:16,000 IS TRANSMITTED PRINCIPALLY 2319 02:41:16,000 --> 02:41:17,000 BY SEXUAL CONTACT 2320 02:41:17,000 --> 02:41:20,000 AND PRINCIPALLY BY HETEROSEXUAL CONTACT. 2321 02:41:20,000 --> 02:41:22,000 THERE MAY BE OTHER FACTORS 2322 02:41:22,000 --> 02:41:26,000 SUCH AS THE RE-UTILIZATION OF HYPODERMIC NEEDLES 2323 02:41:26,000 --> 02:41:29,000 THAT HAVEN'T BEEN PROPERLY STERILIZED. 2324 02:41:29,000 --> 02:41:31,000 AND SOME PEOPLE HAVE SAID 2325 02:41:31,000 --> 02:41:34,000 PERHAPS BITING INSECTS LIKE MOSQUITOES 2326 02:41:34,000 --> 02:41:35,000 MIGHT SPREAD THE VIRUS. 2327 02:41:35,000 --> 02:41:39,000 BUT THE ONE THING THAT'S COME THROUGH LOUD AND CLEAR 2328 02:41:39,000 --> 02:41:41,000 IS THAT AIDS IS SPREADING 2329 02:41:41,000 --> 02:41:45,000 IN THE MOST SEXUALLY ACTIVE PEOPLE IN A COMMUNITY 2330 02:41:45,000 --> 02:41:48,000 AND PARTICULARLY AMONGST THE PROMISCUOUS. 2331 02:41:48,000 --> 02:41:51,000 MOSQUITOES AND NEEDLES DO NOT SELECT 2332 02:41:51,000 --> 02:41:53,000 BETWEEN THOSE PEOPLE SO VERY MUCH. 2333 02:41:53,000 --> 02:41:56,000 SO I THINK IT STILL COMES DOWN TO SAYING 2334 02:41:56,000 --> 02:41:58,000 "IF YOU WANT TO AVOID AIDS 2335 02:41:58,000 --> 02:42:01,000 AVOID HAVING TOO MANY SEXUAL PARTNERS." 2336 02:42:01,000 --> 02:42:05,000 ( phone rings ) 2337 02:42:05,000 --> 02:42:07,000 PROJECT AWARE, SUZANNE SPEAKING. 2338 02:42:07,000 --> 02:42:10,000 YES, I'D LIKE TO ASK YOU SOME QUESTIONS 2339 02:42:10,000 --> 02:42:13,000 TO SEE IF YOU MEET THE CRITERIA FOR THE STUDY. 2340 02:42:13,000 --> 02:42:15,000 Narrator: DOES THE DEVASTATION IN AFRICA 2341 02:42:15,000 --> 02:42:18,000 PORTEND THE FUTURE FOR THE REST OF THE WORLD? 2342 02:42:18,000 --> 02:42:22,000 ONE GROUP IN SAN FRANCISCO, PROJECT AWARE 2343 02:42:22,000 --> 02:42:27,000 IS TRYING TO FIND OUT 2344 02:42:37,000 --> 02:42:40,000 SEjj Ij HOW LONG AGO WAS THAT RELATIONSHIP? 2345 02:42:40,000 --> 02:42:45,000 AND WAS YOUR PAST BOYFRIEND SLEEPING WITH OTHER MEN 2346 02:42:45,000 --> 02:42:46,000 DURING THAT TIME? 2347 02:42:46,000 --> 02:42:48,000 WE HAVE THREE RISK GROUP 2348 02:42:48,000 --> 02:42:50,000 WE HAVE WOMEN 2349 02:42:50,000 --> 02:42:52,000 WHO HAVE PUT THEMSELVES AT RISK 2350 02:42:52,000 --> 02:42:56,000 THROUGH A RELATIONSHIP WITH A HIGH-RISK MAN-- 2351 02:42:56,000 --> 02:43:00,000 WE MAY KNOW THAT HE HAS AIDS OR ARC OR IS ANTIBODY-POSITIVE 2352 02:43:00,000 --> 02:43:03,000 OR AS A MEMBER OF A GROUP WITH A HIGH RATE. 2353 02:43:03,000 --> 02:43:08,000 THEN WE HAVE A GROUP OF WOMEN WHO ARE SEXUALLY QUITE ACTIVE 2354 02:43:08,000 --> 02:43:11,000 AND MAY NOT KNOW ENOUGH ABOUT THEIR SEXUAL PARTNERS 2355 02:43:11,000 --> 02:43:15,000 TO KNOW WHETHER THEY ARE HIGH-RISK PEOPLE OR NOT 2356 02:43:15,000 --> 02:43:17,000 BECAUSE A CASUAL ENCOUNTER 2357 02:43:17,000 --> 02:43:20,000 DOESN'T NECESSARILY PRODUCE THAT INFORMATION. 2358 02:43:20,000 --> 02:43:22,000 FINALLY, WE HAVE A GROUP OF WOMEN 2359 02:43:22,000 --> 02:43:27,000 WHO ARE SEXUALLY QUITE ACTIVE AND EXPECT TO BE PAID FOR IT; 2360 02:43:27,000 --> 02:43:29,000 THAT IS, WOMEN IN THE SEX INDUSTRY 2361 02:43:29,000 --> 02:43:33,000 WHO HAVE A NUMBER OF PARTNERS BECAUSE THAT IS THEIR LIVING. 2362 02:43:33,000 --> 02:43:37,000 Narrator: THE PROJECT'S FIELDWORKERS GO INTO THE STREETS 2363 02:43:37,000 --> 02:43:40,000 RECRUITING FROM THESE THREE GROUPS OF WOMEN 2364 02:43:40,000 --> 02:43:44,000 THE JOB REQUIRES PATIENCE AND A DIPLOMATIC APPROACH. 2365 02:43:44,000 --> 02:43:46,000 SHE TESTED THREE MONTHS AGO. 2366 02:43:46,000 --> 02:43:48,000 SHE'S SUPPOSED TO TEST AGAIN. 2367 02:43:48,000 --> 02:43:50,000 I HAVEN'T SEEN ANY GIRLS. 2368 02:43:50,000 --> 02:43:52,000 Cohen: IT'S DIFFICULT TO GET PEOPLE 2369 02:43:52,000 --> 02:43:55,000 TO ENROLL IN A STUDY LIKE THIS. 2370 02:43:55,000 --> 02:43:58,000 YOU CAN'T LOOK UP A LIST OF PROSTITUTES 2371 02:43:58,000 --> 02:44:01,000 AND CALL THEM AND SAY, "WILL YOU COME IN?" 2372 02:44:01,000 --> 02:44:05,000 SO WE HAVE VERY SKILLED FIELD STAFF WHO WALK THESE AREAS. 2373 02:44:05,000 --> 02:44:10,000 OUR REPUTATION IN THE COMMUNITY IS OF PEOPLE WHO CAN BE TRUSTED. 2374 02:44:10,000 --> 02:44:14,000 Narrator: WOMEN WHO VOLUNTEER ARE GIVEN A BLOOD TEST FOR THE VIRUS 2375 02:44:14,000 --> 02:44:18,000 AND QUESTIONED ABOUT ASPECTS OF THEIR SEXUAL BEHAVIOR 2376 02:44:18,000 --> 02:44:20,000 THAT MAY HAVE PUT THEM AT RISK. 2377 02:44:20,000 --> 02:44:23,000 HOW MANY MEN HAVE YOU HAD SEXUAL CONTACT WITH 2378 02:44:23,000 --> 02:44:25,000 DURING THE LAST SIX MONTHS? 2379 02:44:25,000 --> 02:44:29,000 I DON'T KNOW HOW TO ANSWER THAT QUESTION. 2380 02:44:29,000 --> 02:44:31,000 TELL ME APPROXIMATELY 2381 02:44:31,000 --> 02:44:34,000 HOW MANY MEN YOU'VE HAD IN THE LAST SIX MONTHS. 2382 02:44:34,000 --> 02:44:36,000 HOW MANY DO YOU HAVE PER DAY? 2383 02:44:36,000 --> 02:44:40,000 ON THE AVERAGE IN THE LAST SIX MONTHS 2384 02:44:40,000 --> 02:44:42,000 ABOUT THREE A DAY. 2385 02:44:42,000 --> 02:44:45,000 OKAY, DO YOU WORK EVERY DAY? 2386 02:44:45,000 --> 02:44:48,000 I WORK ABOUT SIX DAYS A WEEK. 2387 02:44:48,000 --> 02:44:50,000 OKAY, SO LET'S SEE... 2388 02:44:50,000 --> 02:44:53,000 SIX TIMES THREE IS 18. 2389 02:44:53,000 --> 02:44:54,000 SO 18 A WEEK... 2390 02:44:54,000 --> 02:44:59,000 Narrator: THE ARITHMETIC WORKS OUT AT ABOUT 1,000 PARTNERS A YEAR. 2391 02:45:00,000 --> 02:45:03,000 WE HAVE NOW ENROLLED AND TESTED OVER 300 WOMEN. 2392 02:45:03,000 --> 02:45:07,000 THE STUDY IS NOT COMPLETE, BUT AMONG THOSE EARLY PARTICIPANTS 2393 02:45:07,000 --> 02:45:12,000 ABOUT 4% ARE SEROPOSITIVE FOR THE VIRUS. 2394 02:45:12,000 --> 02:45:15,000 SOME PEOPLE MIGHT REGARD THAT AS VERY GOOD NEWS 2395 02:45:15,000 --> 02:45:19,000 IN THAT, GIVEN THAT THEY ARE HIGH-RISK WOMEN BY DEFINITION 2396 02:45:19,000 --> 02:45:21,000 ONLY 4% ARE SEROPOSITIVE. 2397 02:45:21,000 --> 02:45:22,000 ON THE OTHER HAND 2398 02:45:22,000 --> 02:45:27,000 THAT'S A LOT OF WOMEN WHO HAVE SOMETHING TO WORRY ABOUT. 2399 02:45:27,000 --> 02:45:31,000 Narrator: IT'S NOT JUST PROSTITUTES WHO ARE CONTRACTING THE VIRUS. 2400 02:45:31,000 --> 02:45:35,000 SEXUALLY ACTIVE WOMEN WITH FAR FEWER SEXUAL CONTACTS 2401 02:45:35,000 --> 02:45:37,000 ARE EQUALLY AT RISK FOR AIDS. 2402 02:45:37,000 --> 02:45:39,000 ARMED WITH THIS INFORMATION 2403 02:45:39,000 --> 02:45:42,000 THE FIELD STAFF ALSO WORKS TO ALERT WOMEN 2404 02:45:42,000 --> 02:45:44,000 TO THE DANGERS FROM THE VIRUS. 2405 02:45:44,000 --> 02:45:47,000 SO YOU'RE TAKING EXTRA PRECAUTIONS 2406 02:45:47,000 --> 02:45:49,000 AS FAR AS SAFE SEX GOES? 2407 02:45:49,000 --> 02:45:52,000 YEAH, AND I BELIEVE IN BIRTH CONTROL. 2408 02:45:52,000 --> 02:45:55,000  YOU'RE BEING FAIRLY CHOOSY 2409 02:45:55,000 --> 02:45:58,000 ABOUT WHO YOU'RE GOING OUT WITH? 2410 02:45:58,000 --> 02:45:59,000 I ALWAYS HAVE BEEN. 2411 02:45:59,000 --> 02:46:04,000 Narrator: SO PEOPLE OF BOTH SEXES CAN BE AT RISK FOR AIDS 2412 02:46:04,000 --> 02:46:06,000 HERE AS WELL AS IN AFRICA. 2413 02:46:06,000 --> 02:46:10,000 MANY PEOPLE ASK US ABOUT HOW MUCH IT'S REASONABLE 2414 02:46:10,000 --> 02:46:13,000 TO EXTRAPOLATE FROM THAFRICAN INFORMATION 2415 02:46:13,000 --> 02:46:17,000 TO INFORMATION IN COUNTRIES LIKE THE UNITED STATES. 2416 02:46:17,000 --> 02:46:19,000 IT'S A DIFFICULT QUESTION TO DISCUSS 2417 02:46:19,000 --> 02:46:24,000 BECAUSE WE KNOW OF NO VIRUS THAT HAS A SEXUAL PREFERENCE. 2418 02:46:24,000 --> 02:46:26,000 IT DOES ATTACK LYMPHOCYTES 2419 02:46:26,000 --> 02:46:29,000 FROM BOTH MALES AND FEMALES, THIS VIRUS. 2420 02:46:29,000 --> 02:46:30,000 CAN IT BE 2421 02:46:30,000 --> 02:46:32,000 A HETEROSEXUAL DISEASE? 2422 02:46:32,000 --> 02:46:33,000 CLEARLY IT CAN BE. 2423 02:46:33,000 --> 02:46:36,000 EVERYTHING WE KNOW ABOUT THIS VIRUS SUGGESTS 2424 02:46:36,000 --> 02:46:40,000 THAT IT CAN BE TRANSMITTED FROM A MAN TO A WOMAN 2425 02:46:40,000 --> 02:46:42,000 AND POSSIBLY FROM WOMEN TO MEN. 2426 02:46:42,000 --> 02:46:45,000 IF YOU LOOK AT THE EPIDEMIOLOGICAL EVIDENCE 2427 02:46:45,000 --> 02:46:47,000 IT LOOKS AS IF THAT HAPPENS. 2428 02:46:47,000 --> 02:46:50,000 NOBODY KNOWS WHAT THE REAL FREQUENCIES ARE. 2429 02:46:50,000 --> 02:46:54,000 I THINK THE MAJOR UNCERTAINTY IS NOT "CAN IT?" AND "WILL IT?" 2430 02:46:54,000 --> 02:46:56,000 BUT "HOW FAST WILL IT?" 2431 02:46:56,000 --> 02:46:58,000 AND HOW BIG THE INFECTION WILL BE 2432 02:46:58,000 --> 02:47:01,000 IN THE HETEROSEXUAL POPULATION. 2433 02:47:01,000 --> 02:47:02,000 IN THE UNITED STATES 2434 02:47:02,000 --> 02:47:04,000 I THINK THE PROBLEM WILL BE 2435 02:47:04,000 --> 02:47:07,000 AN INCREASING AND SUBTLE ONE 2436 02:47:07,000 --> 02:47:10,000 BECAUSE THE WOMEN AND SOME OF THE STRAIGHT MEN 2437 02:47:10,000 --> 02:47:12,000 WHO ARE INFECTED 2438 02:47:12,000 --> 02:47:16,000 MAY TRULY HAVE NO KNOWLEDGE THAT THEY HAD BEEN INVOLVED 2439 02:47:16,000 --> 02:47:19,000 IN BEHAVIOR THAT WOULD GET THEM INFECTED 2440 02:47:19,000 --> 02:47:22,000 AND THEREFORE MAY TRULY NOT KNOW 2441 02:47:22,000 --> 02:47:25,000 THAT THEY'RE AT RISK OR RISKING OTHERS. 2442 02:47:25,000 --> 02:47:29,000 Narrator: ONE MESSAGE IS CLEAR FOR BOTH MEN AND WOMEN-- 2443 02:47:29,000 --> 02:47:31,000 PREVENTING AIDS WILL MEAN "SAFE SEX"-- 2444 02:47:31,000 --> 02:47:36,000 AVOIDING PHYSICAL CONTACT WITH OTHER PEOPLE'S BODILY FLUIDS. 2445 02:47:36,000 --> 02:47:40,000 A WOMAN CAN BE INFECTED VIA HER VAGINA. 2446 02:47:40,000 --> 02:47:43,000 THIS HAPPENED TO FOUR WOMEN IN AUSTRALIA 2447 02:47:43,000 --> 02:47:45,000 FOLLOWING ARTIFICIAL INSEMINATION 2448 02:47:45,000 --> 02:47:46,000 WITH CONTAMINATED SEMEN. 2449 02:47:46,000 --> 02:47:51,000 THE VIRUS MAY NOT PETRATE THICK WAS THE VAGINA 2450 02:47:51,000 --> 02:47:55,000 BUT IT CAN PROBABLY ENTER A WOMAN'S BLOODSTREAM 2451 02:47:55,000 --> 02:47:59,000 VIA THE UTERUS, WITH ITS RICH SUPPLY OF SURFACE VESSELS. 2452 02:47:59,000 --> 02:48:01,000 WHEN A WOMAN IS INFECTED 2453 02:48:01,000 --> 02:48:05,000 THE VIRUS BECOMES PRESENT IN VAGINAL SECRETIONS 2454 02:48:05,000 --> 02:48:07,000  PRESENTING A DANGER TO MALES. 2455 02:48:07,000 --> 02:48:08,000 THERE'NO EDENCE 2456 02:48:08,000 --> 02:48:12,000 TO SAY EXACTLY HOW THE AIDS VIRUS INFECTS MEN. 2457 02:48:12,000 --> 02:48:16,000 PROMISCUOUS MEN SOMETIMES HAVE AN INFLAMED URETHRA 2458 02:48:16,000 --> 02:48:19,000 DUE TO OTHER SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES. 2459 02:48:19,000 --> 02:48:22,000 POSSIBLY A SMALL SORE JUST INSIDE THE PENIS 2460 02:48:22,000 --> 02:48:24,000 MAY OFFER A ROUTE OF ENTRY. 2461 02:48:24,000 --> 02:48:27,000 CONDOMS ARE DEFINITELY A SENSIBLE PRECAUTION. 2462 02:48:27,000 --> 02:48:31,000 HOMOSEXUAL ANAL INTERCOURSE HAS FREQUENTLY BEEN BLAMED 2463 02:48:31,000 --> 02:48:33,000 FOR SPREADING THE DISEASE. 2464 02:48:33,000 --> 02:48:35,000 UNLIKE THE VAGINA 2465 02:48:35,000 --> 02:48:38,000 THE LINING OF THE RECTUM IS THIN AND BLEEDSASILY. 2466 02:48:38,000 --> 02:48:41,000 ONE THEORY IS THAT INFECTED SEMEN MIGHT CROSS 2467 02:48:41,000 --> 02:48:44,000 INTO THE PASSIVE PARTNER'S BLOODSTREAM. 2468 02:48:44,000 --> 02:48:46,000 OR, BECAUSE THE LOWER INTESTINE SWARMS 2469 02:48:46,000 --> 02:48:49,000 WITH THE SAMT-CELLS THE AIDS VIRUS TARGETS 2470 02:48:49,000 --> 02:48:53,000 A DIRECT CELL-TO-CELL INFECTION ROUTE MIGHT BE POSSIBLE. 2471 02:48:53,000 --> 02:48:57,000 AND THERE IS YET ANOTHER GROUP AT RISK FOR AIDS 2472 02:48:57,000 --> 02:48:58,000 IN WESTERN COUNTRIES: 2473 02:48:58,000 --> 02:49:00,000 INTRAVENOUS DRUG USERS. 2474 02:49:00,000 --> 02:49:02,000 THE HABIT OF SHARING NEEDLES 2475 02:49:02,000 --> 02:49:07,000 MEANS THAT WITHDRAWN BLOOD IS OFTEN LEFT BEHIND IN THE SYRINGE 2476 02:49:07,000 --> 02:49:08,000 BETWEEN FIXES. 2477 02:49:08,000 --> 02:49:12,000 IT'S A PERFECT WAY TO SPREAD A BLOOD-BORNE VIRUS. 2478 02:49:12,000 --> 02:49:14,000 THE LINK WITH SEX AND DRUGS-- 2479 02:49:14,000 --> 02:49:17,000 BEHAVIOR CONSIDERED ILLICIT OR TABOO-- 2480 02:49:17,000 --> 02:49:20,000 IS ANOTHER DEADLY ASPECT OF AIDS. 2481 02:49:20,000 --> 02:49:22,000 IT MAKES PUBLIC EDUCATION CONTROVERSIAL 2482 02:49:22,000 --> 02:49:27,000 AND IT EXPOSES VICTIMS OF THE DISEASE TO PREJUDICE AND FEARS. 2483 02:49:27,000 --> 02:49:29,000 THAT HURT ME THE MOST. 2484 02:49:29,000 --> 02:49:32,000 THEY ALL KNEW I WAS A NURSE IN THE HOSPITAL. 2485 02:49:32,000 --> 02:49:36,000 MY ROOM WAS OUTSIDE THE NURSES' STATION 2486 02:49:36,000 --> 02:49:39,000 SO I COULD HEAR THEM TALKING ABOUT ME. 2487 02:49:39,000 --> 02:49:43,000 ONE NURSE ACTUALLY REFUSED TO TAKE CARE OF ME. 2488 02:49:43,000 --> 02:49:44,000 THAT HURT. 2489 02:49:44,000 --> 02:49:47,000 I WASN'T REFERRED TO AS "BOBBIE"; 2490 02:49:47,000 --> 02:49:51,000 THEY REFERRED TO ME AS "THE NURSE WITH AIDS." 2491 02:49:51,000 --> 02:49:52,000 I KEPT THINKING 2492 02:49:52,000 --> 02:49:55,000 IF THIS IS HOW THEY TREAT A FELLOW NURSE 2493 02:49:55,000 --> 02:49:59,000  WHAT DO THEY DO TO THE OTHER PATIENTS? 2494 02:49:59,000 --> 02:50:02,000 Narrator: BUT THE AIDS VIRUS IS FRAGILE 2495 02:50:02,000 --> 02:50:05,000 AND IS NOT CASUALLY TRANSMITTED. 2496 02:50:05,000 --> 02:50:09,000 BRUCE NO LONGER FEARS CATCHING AIDS FROM BOBBIE. 2497 02:50:09,000 --> 02:50:11,000 WE TAKE SOME PRECAUTIONS. 2498 02:50:11,000 --> 02:50:15,000 IT'S NOT LIKE WE HAVE DIFFERENT KINDS OF LAUNDRY 2499 02:50:15,000 --> 02:50:18,000 OR DIFFERENT SETS OF SHEETS OR DIFFERENT GLASSWARE. 2500 02:50:18,000 --> 02:50:23,000 WE LIVE TOGETHER, WE SLEEP TOGETHER, WE'RE MAN AND WIFE. 2501 02:50:23,000 --> 02:50:26,000 Narrator: THE AIDS VIRUS IS NOT EASY TO CATC 2502 02:50:26,000 --> 02:50:30,000 IT REQUIRES DIRECT AND INTIMATE CONTACT 2503 02:50:30,000 --> 02:50:33,000 WITH BLOOD OR BODILY FLUIDS IN ORDER TO SPREAD. 2504 02:50:33,000 --> 02:50:36,000 SO AIDS CAN BE PREVENTED. 2505 02:50:36,000 --> 02:50:40,000 BUT FOR THOSE ALREADY INFECTED, THE QUESTION REMAINS: 2506 02:50:40,000 --> 02:50:42,000 CAN AIDS BE TREATED? 2507 02:50:42,000 --> 02:50:46,000 AN EFFECTIVE TREATMENT WILL HAVE TO FIND A WAY 2508 02:50:46,000 --> 02:50:51,000 TO DISRUPT THE VIRAL LIFE CYCLE WITHIN A HUMAN CELL. 2509 02:50:52,000 --> 02:50:57,000 WHEN THE AIDS VIRUS BINDS TO THE T-CELL'S OUTER MEMBRANE 2510 02:50:57,000 --> 02:51:01,000 IT INJECTS ITS GENETIC CORE INSIDE THE CELL. 2511 02:51:01,000 --> 02:51:06,000 AS A RETROVIRUS, ITS GENES ARE STORED IN AN UNUSUAL FORM-- 2512 02:51:07,000 --> 02:51:11,000 ON A CHEMICAL VARIANT OF DNA CALLED "RNA." 2513 02:51:11,000 --> 02:51:16,000 A SPECIAL ENZYME, REVERSE TRANSCRIPTASE, IS NEEDED 2514 02:51:16,000 --> 02:51:21,000 BEFORE THE VIRUS CAN TRANSLATE THE RNA INTO NORMAL DNA 2515 02:51:21,000 --> 02:51:23,000 AND REPLICATE. 2516 02:51:23,000 --> 02:51:27,000 RESEARCHERS AT THE NATIONAL CANCER INSTITUTE IN WASHINGTON 2517 02:51:27,000 --> 02:51:32,000 HAVE BEEN LEADING THE HUNT FOR A DRUG 2518 02:51:33,000 --> 02:51:37,000 THAT'VIGHT BLOCK THE REVEREDSTRANSCRIPTION PROCESS. 2519 02:51:37,000 --> 02:51:41,000 TO THE CONTENTS OF WHAT IS KNOWN AS THE "MAGIC BOX." 2520 02:51:41,000 --> 02:51:46,000 ALL OF THESE COMPODS SHOW SOME PROMISE AGAIT THE AIDS VIRUS 2521 02:51:46,000 --> 02:51:49,000 AND MOST OF THEM WORK IN A SIMILAR WAY. 2522 02:51:49,000 --> 02:51:52,000 THEY'RE ALL CHEMICAL MODIFICATIONS 2523 02:51:52,000 --> 02:51:56,000 OF THE NATURAL BUILDING BLOCKS USED BY THE VIRUS 2524 02:51:56,000 --> 02:51:58,000 TO MAKE THE DNA COPY OF ITS GENES. 2525 02:51:58,000 --> 02:52:00,000 A SMALL MOLECULAR CHANGE 2526 02:52:00,000 --> 02:52:05,000 CAN TRANSFORM A BUILDING BLOCK INTO A CHEMICAL STOP SIGN. 2527 02:52:05,000 --> 02:52:08,000 NO FURTHER BUILDING BLOCKS CAN BE ADDED 2528 02:52:08,000 --> 02:52:13,000 AND REPLICATION OF THE VIRAL GENES GRINDS TO A HALT. 2529 02:52:13,000 --> 02:52:16,000 TO DETERMINE WHICH CHEMICALS WORK BEST 2530 02:52:16,000 --> 02:52:20,000 SCIENTISTS HAVE DEVELOPED A SIMPLE COMPARATIVE TEST. 2531 02:52:20,000 --> 02:52:23,000 BOTH TUBES CONTAIN CULTURES OF HUMAN T-CELLS 2532 02:52:23,000 --> 02:52:28,000 THE CELLS THE AIDS VIRUS ATTKS. 2533 02:52:30,000 --> 02:52:35,000 BUT THE CELLS ON THET AND COLONY AT THE BOTTOM HAVEOF THE TEST TUBE IS SMALLER. 2534 02:52:35,000 --> 02:52:40,000 THE VIRUS IS KILLING THOSE CELLS. 2535 02:52:42,000 --> 02:52:47,000 TO FTHE DR IS ADDEDEMICAL TO A NEWLY INFECTED TUBE. 2536 02:52:54,000 --> 02:52:56,000 SO THIDRS PROTECTING E HAS TOR INDVUS.rj 2537 02:52:56,000 --> 02:52:59,000 THAT A TISSUE CULTURE TECHNIQUE 2538 02:52:59,000 --> 02:53:01,000 MAY NOT PREDICT FOR WHAT HAPPENS 2539 02:53:01,000 --> 02:53:03,000 IN A PERSON. 2540 02:53:03,000 --> 02:53:06,000 THERE ARE MANY OTHER FACTORS IN A PERSON. 2541 02:53:06,000 --> 02:53:10,000 THERE IS TOXICITY OF THE DRUG AGAINST VARIOUS ORGANS. 2542 02:53:10,000 --> 02:53:13,000 THERE'S HOW A GIVEN DRUG CAN BE HANDLED 2543 02:53:13,000 --> 02:53:16,000 BY VARIOUS PARTS OF THE BODY. 2544 02:53:16,000 --> 02:53:20,000 THERE MAY BE SITES IN A PERSON WHERE A DRUG CANNOT REACH 2545 02:53:20,000 --> 02:53:24,000 OR CANNOT BE METABOLIZED ACTIVELY ENOUGH 2546 02:53:24,000 --> 02:53:26,000 TO BRING ABOUT AN EFFECT. 2547 02:53:26,000 --> 02:53:29,000 SO I THINK THAT IT IS A LEAP OF FAITH TO ASSUME 2548 02:53:29,000 --> 02:53:34,000 THAT BECAUSE ONE HAS AN AGENT THAT WORKS IN A TEST TUBE 2549 02:53:34,000 --> 02:53:37,000 THAT IT WILL WORK IN HUMAN BEINGS. 2550 02:53:37,000 --> 02:53:42,000 Narrator: ONE OF THE MOST PROMISING OF THE CHEMICALS IS CALLED "AZT." 2551 02:53:42,000 --> 02:53:45,000 TESTING OF AZT BEGAN IN JULY 1985 2552 02:53:45,000 --> 02:53:48,000 ON A SMALL GROUP OF AIDS PATIENTS. 2553 02:53:48,000 --> 02:53:50,000 BOBBIE WAS ONE OF THEM. 2554 02:53:50,000 --> 02:53:54,000 Bobbie: I WAS SCARED ABOUT GOING DOWN TO WASHINGTON. 2555 02:53:54,000 --> 02:53:56,000 I LOOKED TERRIBLE AT THE TIME. 2556 02:53:56,000 --> 02:54:00,000 I COULD TELL BY HOW THE PEOPLE WERE LOOKING AT ME 2557 02:54:00,000 --> 02:54:03,000 THAT THEY MIGHT NOT HAVE WATED ME. 2558 02:54:03,000 --> 02:54:05,000 I TRIED TO LOOK GOOD 2559 02:54:05,000 --> 02:54:09,000 BECAUSE I WANTED SO DESPERATELY TO BE IN THE PROGRAM. 2560 02:54:09,000 --> 02:54:13,000 I MADE MY FACE UP, BUT I WAS JUS SO DARN WEAK. 2561 02:54:13,000 --> 02:54:14,000 BUTHEY ACCEPTED ME IN. 2562 02:54:14,000 --> 02:54:19,000 THE FIRST DAY THAT WE WERE THERE, THEY GAVE ME THE DRUG 2563 02:54:19,000 --> 02:54:22,000 BUT THEY JUST DID IT A ONE-DAY THING 2564 02:54:22,000 --> 02:54:24,000 TO SEE IF I WASN'T ALLERGIC TO IT 2565 02:54:24,000 --> 02:54:27,000 / AND THAT IT WAS GETTING INTO MY SYSTEM. 2566 02:54:27,000 --> 02:54:29,000 THEY BROUGHT ME TO MY ROOM. 2567 02:54:29,000 --> 02:54:33,000 I MET ALL THE NURSES, WHO WERE FRIENDLY TO ME. 2568 02:54:33,000 --> 02:54:37,000 I WAS THINKING, "EVERYBODY'S BEING SO NICE TO ME. 2569 02:54:37,000 --> 02:54:40,000 DON'T THEY KNOW WHAT DISEASE I HAVE?" 2570 02:54:40,000 --> 02:54:42,000 Narrator: EVERY TWO WEEKS 2571 02:54:42,000 --> 02:54:46,000 BOBBIE FLIES DOWN FROM NEW YORK AT GOVERNMENT EXPENSE 2572 02:54:46,000 --> 02:54:51,000 FOR A CAREFUL EVALUATION OF HOW WELL THE DRUG IS SUPPRESSING 2573 02:54:51,000 --> 02:54:53,000 THE VIRUS IN HER BODY. 2574 02:54:53,000 --> 02:54:56,000 THE FLIGHT WAS 45 MINUTES, ON TIME. 2575 02:54:56,000 --> 02:54:58,000 VERY GOOD, VERY GOOD. 2576 02:54:58,000 --> 02:55:01,000 STEP UP ON THE SLES, PLEASE. 2577 02:55:01,000 --> 02:55:03,000 50.3. 2578 02:55:03,000 --> 02:55:06,000 OH, GOOD, I WAS 49 LAST TIME. 2579 02:55:06,000 --> 02:55:07,000 SO ANOTHER KILO. 2580 02:55:07,000 --> 02:55:09,000 YOU'VE GAINED. 2581 02:55:09,000 --> 02:55:12,000 Narrator: OBJECTIVE SIGNS OF HOW WELL BOBBIE IS RESPONDING 2582 02:55:12,000 --> 02:55:14,000 TO THE TREATMENT ARE ESSENTIAL. 2583 02:55:14,000 --> 02:55:18,000 DR. SAM BRODER MUST DECIDE HOW MUCH BOBBIE'S WELL-BEING 2584 02:55:18,000 --> 02:55:20,000 IS DUE TO THE DRUG 2585 02:55:20,000 --> 02:55:25,000 AND HOW MUCH TO HER DETERMINATION 2586 02:55:25,000 --> 02:55:27,000 TELL ME WHAT'S TO OVERCOME BEEN HAPPENING. 2587 02:55:27,000 --> 02:55:28,000 LOOK HERE-- 2588 02:55:28,000 --> 02:55:31,000 THERE WAS A BUTTON THERE. 2589 02:55:31,000 --> 02:55:32,000 TODAY, IT SNAPPED. 2590 02:55:32,000 --> 02:55:34,000 I'VE PUT ON WEIGHT. 2591 02:55:34,000 --> 02:55:35,000 HOW MUCH? 2592 02:55:35,000 --> 02:55:37,000 TODAY, I'M 50.3 KILOGRAMS 2593 02:55:37,000 --> 02:55:39,000 WHICH I'VE NEVER WEIGHED THAT 2594 02:55:39,000 --> 02:55:41,000 IN MY LIFE BEFORE. 2595 02:55:41,000 --> 02:55:42,000 HOW ABOUT FEVERS? 2596 02:55:42,000 --> 02:55:45,000 I HAVEN'T HAD ANY FEVERS AT ALL. 2597 02:55:45,000 --> 02:55:48,000 MY TEMPERATURE IS USUALLY 37. 2598 02:55:48,000 --> 02:55:50,000 t THINGS ARE GOING REALLY WELL. 2599 02:55:50,000 --> 02:55:52,000 I'M VERY PLEASED. 2600 02:55:52,000 --> 02:55:54,000 IN ALL FAIRNESS, I CAN'T... 2601 02:55:54,000 --> 02:55:57,000 YOU DON'T KNOW HOW PLEASED WE ARE. 2602 02:55:57,000 --> 02:55:59,000 WE ARE SO HAPPY. 2603 02:55:59,000 --> 02:56:01,000 BUT YOU HAVE TO UNDERSTAND 2604 02:56:01,000 --> 02:56:03,000 THAT ALTHOUGH I AM GRATIFIED 2605 02:56:03,000 --> 02:56:05,000 ABOUT YOUR RESPONSE 2606 02:56:05,000 --> 02:56:09,000 I CAN'T BE SURE THE DRUG DID THIS. 2607 02:56:09,000 --> 02:56:11,000 I ATTRIBUTE IT TO THE DRUG THOUGH. 2608 02:56:11,000 --> 02:56:15,000 I DON'T CARE WHAT ANYBODY ELSE SAYS. 2609 02:56:15,000 --> 02:56:18,000 Narrator: DESPITE BRODER'S PROFESSIONAL CAUTION 2610 02:56:18,000 --> 02:56:21,000 BOBBIE'S POSITIVE RESPONSE TO AZT 2611 02:56:21,000 --> 02:56:23,000 WAS SHARED BY OTHER AIDS VICTIMS 2612 02:56:23,000 --> 02:56:25,000 EARLY IN THE CLINICAL TRIALS. 2613 02:56:25,000 --> 02:56:30,000 ]N 1986, AZT BECAME AVAILABLE TO AIDS PATIENTS ON A WIDER BASIS. 2614 02:56:30,000 --> 02:56:35,000 IT'S A RAY OF HOPE IN THE BATTLE AGAINST THE DISEASE. 2615 02:56:35,000 --> 02:56:37,000 YOUR DOSE IS 12 ml. 2616 02:56:37,000 --> 02:56:41,000 Narrator: FOR PATIENTS, IT'S A LIFELINE TO CLUTCH ONTO 2617 02:56:41,000 --> 02:56:44,000 ALTHOUGH IT MUST BE TAKEN EVERY FOUR HOURS. 2618 02:56:44,000 --> 02:56:47,000 THIS IS A WEEK'S SUPPLY. 2619 02:56:47,000 --> 02:56:48,000 OKAY. 2620 02:56:48,000 --> 02:56:50,000 Bobbi: YOU KNOW, I'M CONVINCED 2621 02:56:50,000 --> 02:56:55,000 THAT PERHAPS I'LL HAVE TO BE ON THIS DRUG THE REST OF MY LIFE 2622 02:56:55,000 --> 02:56:58,000 BUT IT'S NOT THAT BAD. 2623 02:56:58,000 --> 02:57:03,000 I JUST FEEL THAT THE DRUG IS MAKING ME BETTER. 2624 02:57:04,000 --> 02:57:08,000 Narrator: RESEARCHERS STRESS THERE ARE MANY UNCERTAINTIES ABOUT AZT. 2625 02:57:08,000 --> 02:57:10,000 IT STOPS THE VIRUS FROM MULTIPLYING 2626 02:57:10,000 --> 02:57:13,000 BUT CAN'T UNDO THE DAMAGE 2627 02:57:13,000 --> 02:57:15,000 ALREADY DONE TO THE IMMUNE SYSTEM. 2628 02:57:15,000 --> 02:57:19,000 IT'S CONSIDERED A TREATMENT, NOT A CURE. 2629 02:57:19,000 --> 02:57:22,000  AND ITS POTENTIAL FOR SIDE EFFECTS IS UNKNOWN. 2630 02:57:22,000 --> 02:57:26,000 BUT IT OFFERS BOBBIE AND OTHERS THE GIFT OF TIME. 2631 02:57:26,000 --> 02:57:29,000  OBVIOUSLY, SHE'S DOING VERY WELL 2632 02:57:29,000 --> 02:57:32,000 AND I THINK HER IMMUNE SYSTEM 2633 02:57:32,000 --> 02:57:34,000 IS NOT GETTING ANY WORSE. 2634 02:57:34,000 --> 02:57:38,000 SO IF SHE WERE TO GET ANOTHER INFECTION 2635 02:57:38,000 --> 02:57:42,000 IT COULD BE TREATED AND SHE'D GET BETTER. 2636 02:57:42,000 --> 02:57:46,000 WE HAVE A LOT OF TIME, I THINK. 2637 02:57:46,000 --> 02:57:50,000 I'M SURE THAT IN THE TIME WE HAVE 2638 02:57:50,000 --> 02:57:53,000 A CURE WILL BE FOUND. 2639 02:57:53,000 --> 02:57:56,000 Narrator: IF A CURE CAN BE FOUND 2640 02:57:56,000 --> 02:58:00,000 IT WILL PROBABLY BE BASED ON RECENT BREAKTHROUGHS 2641 02:58:00,000 --> 02:58:02,000 IN UNDERSTANDING THE VIRUS 2642 02:58:02,000 --> 02:58:05,000 PARTICULARLY THE WORKINGS OF ITS GENES. 2643 02:58:05,000 --> 02:58:06,000 LIKE ALL RETROVIRUSES 2644 02:58:06,000 --> 02:58:10,000 THE AIDS VIRUS HAS THREE STANDARD GENES. 2645 02:58:10,000 --> 02:58:12,000 THE FIRST MAKES THE CORE PROTEINS 2646 02:58:12,000 --> 02:58:15,000 THAT PROTECT THE VIRUS'S GENETIC MATERIAL. 2647 02:58:15,000 --> 02:58:18,000 THE SECOND MAKES THE REVERSE TRANSCRIPTASE ENZYME 2648 02:58:18,000 --> 02:58:22,000 ALREADY THE TARGET OF SEVERAL EXPERIMENTAL DRUGS. 2649 02:58:22,000 --> 02:58:25,000 THE THIRD MAKES THE SPIKY OUTER SHELL. 2650 02:58:25,000 --> 02:58:29,000 BUT THE AIDS VIRUS HAS EXTRA GENES 2651 02:58:29,000 --> 02:58:32,000 THAT SCIENTISTS HAVE NEVER SEEN BEFORE. 2652 02:58:32,000 --> 02:58:35,000 ONE OF THEM, CALLED THE TRANSACTIVATOR 2653 02:58:35,000 --> 02:58:39,000 CONTROLS THE WAY THE VIRUS REPRODUCES. 2654 02:58:39,000 --> 02:58:41,000 THE TRANSACTIVATOR COMES INTO PLAY 2655 02:58:41,000 --> 02:58:46,000 LONG AFTER THE INITIAL INFECTION BY THE AIDS VIRUS. 2656 02:58:48,000 --> 02:58:52,000 THE VIRUS CAN REMAIN DOANT FOR YEARS. 2657 02:58:52,000 --> 02:58:55,000 BUT WHEN THE IMMUNE SYSTEM IS ACTIVATED 2658 02:58:55,000 --> 02:58:58,000 TO FIGHT OFF ANOTHERNFECTION 2659 02:58:58,000 --> 02:59:01,000 THE VIRUS WITHIN THE CRITICAL T-CELLS 2660 02:59:01,000 --> 02:59:03,000 BEGINS TO MULTIPLY. 2661 02:59:03,000 --> 02:59:08,000 THE TRANSACTIVATOR GENE PLAYS A CRUCIAL ROLE IN THIS PROCESS. 2662 02:59:09,000 --> 02:59:10,000 WITHOUT THAT TRANSACTIVATOR 2663 02:59:10,000 --> 02:59:13,000 THE VIRUS IS COMPLETELY DEAD. 2664 02:59:13,000 --> 02:59:15,000  IT JUST CAN'T GROW. 2665 02:59:15,000 --> 02:59:19,000 THAT WAS NOT PREDICTED FROM ANYTHING WE KNEW ABOUT VIRUSES. 2666 02:59:19,000 --> 02:59:23,000 WE HAD PREDICTED IT WOULD REPLICATE SLLY 2667 02:59:23,000 --> 02:59:25,000 LIKE MOST OTHER VIRUSES. 2668 02:59:25,000 --> 02:59:28,000 HOWEVER, WE FIND NO GROWTH AT ALL. 2669 02:59:28,000 --> 02:59:30,000 THAT HAS AN IMPORTANT IMxLICATION 2670 02:59:30,000 --> 02:59:32,000 FOR THERAPEUTIC INTERVENTION 2671 02:59:32,000 --> 02:59:35,000 FOR MAKING NEW DRUGS FOR AIDS VIRUSES. 2672 02:59:35,000 --> 02:59:39,000 WE ARE ALWAYS LOOKING FOR THINGS THAT A VIRUS DOES 2673 02:59:39,000 --> 02:59:42,000 THAT A CELL DOESN'T DO. 2674 02:59:42,000 --> 02:59:44,000 THIS PARTICULAR POSITIVE-FEEDBACLOOP 2675 02:59:44,000 --> 02:59:45,000 IS UNIQUE TO THIS VIRUS. 2676 02:59:45,000 --> 02:59:47,000 IT'S A VIRAL GENE PRODUCT-- 2677 02:59:47,000 --> 02:59:51,000 A PRODUCT WITHOUT WHICH THE VIRUS CANNOT GROW. 2678 02:59:51,000 --> 02:59:55,000 THEREFORE, WE HAVE A NEW TARGET FOR ANTI-AIDS DGS. 2679 02:59:55,000 --> 03:00:00,000 Narrator: SO THE SEARCH FOR TREATMENTS WILL NOT STOP WITH AZT. 2680 03:00:00,000 --> 03:00:02,000 FOUR OTHERXPERj 2681 03:00:02,000 --> 03:00:06,000 x Narrator: SO TE UNDERGNGFOR TREATMENTS ELIMINY TESTING IN HUMANS.. 2682 03:00:06,000 --> 03:00:09,000 ONE OF THE DRUGS, LIKE AZT 2683 03:00:09,000 --> 03:00:12,000 IS DESIGNED TO INTERFERE WITH THE VIRUS LIFE CYCLE; 2684 03:00:12,000 --> 03:00:15,000 TWO OTHERS TO DESTROY INFECTED CELLS 2685 03:00:15,000 --> 03:00:18,000 AND ONE TO BOLSTER THE BODY'S IMMUNE SYSTEM. 2686 03:00:18,000 --> 03:00:22,000 DRUGS WHICH SHOW PROMISE WILL BE FURTHER TESTED. 2687 03:00:22,000 --> 03:00:26,000 INITIAL RESULTS WILL BE KN EAR98 2688 03:00:26,000 --> 03:00:29,000 r IT IS POSSIBLE THAT ADDITIONAL TREATMENT 2689 03:00:29,000 --> 03:00:33,000 COULD BE MADE AVAILABLE TO AIDS VICTIMS WITHIN FIVE YEARS. 2690 03:00:33,000 --> 03:00:37,000 WHAT ABOUT A VACCINE THAT WOULD PREVENT INFECTION? 2691 03:00:37,000 --> 03:00:41,000 IF AN AIDS VACCINE IS EVER MADE 2692 03:00:41,000 --> 03:00:45,000 IT WILL BE TRACED BACK TO THIS HOUSE IN SCOTLAND. 2693 03:00:45,000 --> 03:00:50,000 MORE THAN 100 CATS LIVED HERE WITH THEIR ECCENTRIC OWNER. 2694 03:00:50,000 --> 03:00:52,000 IN THE EARLY 1960s 2695 03:00:52,000 --> 03:00:55,000 A NUMBER BECAME ILL WITH AN INFECTIOUS FORM OF LEUKEMIA. 2696 03:00:55,000 --> 03:00:59,000 THE CULPRIT TURNED OUT TO BE A RETROVIRUS. 2697 03:00:59,000 --> 03:01:02,000 BILL JARRETT AT GLASGLOW UNIVERSITY 2698 03:01:02,000 --> 03:01:06,000 WAS EVENTUALLY ABLE TO DEVELOP A VACCINE 2699 03:01:06,000 --> 03:01:09,000 TO PROTECT CATS FROM THE DISEASE. 2700 03:01:09,000 --> 03:01:11,000 IT WAS THE FIRST VACCINE 2701 03:01:11,000 --> 03:01:13,000 AGAINST A RETROVIRUS. 2702 03:01:13,000 --> 03:01:17,000 IT PROVIDES A MODEL FOR AIDS VACCINE RESEARCH. 2703 03:01:17,000 --> 03:01:19,000 THE BASIC PRINCIPLE 2704 03:01:19,000 --> 03:01:22,000 IS THE SAME IN THEM ALL. 2705 03:01:22,000 --> 03:01:24,000 YOU ARE TRYING TO PRESERVE 2706 03:01:24,000 --> 03:01:27,000 A CERTAIN SET OF MOLECULES 2707 03:01:27,000 --> 03:01:29,000 t WHICH ARE ON THE VIRUS'S SURFACE. 2708 03:01:29,000 --> 03:01:34,000 THE VIRUS USES THESE MOLECULES TO STICK OUT FROM THE SURFACE 2709 03:01:34,000 --> 03:01:38,000 AND TO PENETRATE THE CELLS OF THE BODY. 2710 03:01:38,000 --> 03:01:41,000 WHEN YOU BECOME IMMUNE TO A DISEASE 2711 03:01:41,000 --> 03:01:44,000 YOUR BODY HAS GENERATED MOLECULES 2712 03:01:44,000 --> 03:01:48,000 WHICH ATTACH ONTO THESE SPIKES, ON THE VIRUS 2713 03:01:48,000 --> 03:01:51,000 AND STOP IT GETTING INTO THE CELLS. 2714 03:01:51,000 --> 03:01:53,000 THE IDEA OF EVERY VACCINE-- 2715 03:01:53,000 --> 03:01:57,000 AND THERE ARE MANY WAYS OF MAKING VACCINES-- 2716 03:01:57,000 --> 03:01:59,000 IS TO PRESERVE THESE MOLECULES 2717 03:01:59,000 --> 03:02:04,000 AND PRESENT THEM TO THE BODY IN SUCH A WAY 2718 03:02:04,000 --> 03:02:09,000 THAT THE BODY THINKS IT'S THE VIRUS AND RESPONDS TO IT. 2719 03:02:09,000 --> 03:02:14,000 Narrator: SO A VACCINE LOOKS LIKE A VIRUS TO THE BODY 2720 03:02:14,000 --> 03:02:16,000 BUT CONTAINS NO HARMFUL MATERIALS. 2721 03:02:16,000 --> 03:02:20,000 IT'S MADE UP OF MOLECULES WITH SPIKY OUTER SHELLS 2722 03:02:20,000 --> 03:02:24,000 SIMILAR TO THE VIRUS, WHICH TRICK THE IMMUNE SYSTEM 2723 03:02:24,000 --> 03:02:27,000 INTO MANUFACTURING PROTECTIVE ANTIBODIES. 2724 03:02:27,000 --> 03:02:31,000 THESE ANTIBODIES THEN STAND GUARD TO RECOGNIZE AND REPEL 2725 03:02:31,000 --> 03:02:35,000 ANY LATER ATTEMPTED INFECTION BY A REAL VIRUS. 2726 03:02:35,000 --> 03:02:38,000 BUT TRADITIONAL APPROACHES TO MAKING VACCINES 2727 03:02:38,000 --> 03:02:41,000 DON'T WORK AGAINST THE AIDS RETROVIRUS. 2728 03:02:41,000 --> 03:02:43,000 TO GIVE YOU AN EXAMPLE-- 2729 03:02:43,000 --> 03:02:46,000 WE WILL RULE OUT, IMMEDIATELY 2730 03:02:46,000 --> 03:02:48,000 USING A LIVE VIRUS. 2731 03:02:48,000 --> 03:02:53,000 I HAVE MUTANTS IN THE LABORATORY 2732 03:02:57,000 --> 03:03:01,000 THEY INFECT BUT SEEM TO DO NOTHING HARMFUL. 2733 03:03:01,000 --> 03:03:03,000 ONE MIGHT SAY THAT'S A VACCINE. 2734 03:03:03,000 --> 03:03:05,000 THAT WOULD BE CRAZY 2735 03:03:05,000 --> 03:03:09,000 BECAUSE THEY PROBABLY WOULD CAUSE LEUKEMIA AFTER AWHILE 2736 03:03:09,000 --> 03:03:10,000  BECAUSE THESE ARE RETROVIRUSES 2737 03:03:10,000 --> 03:03:13,000 AND THE OTHER NAME FOR RETROVIRUSES 2738 03:03:13,000 --> 03:03:14,000 ARE LEUKEMIA VIRUSES. 2739 03:03:14,000 --> 03:03:19,000 SO IF YOU DON'T DIE OF AIDS YOU MIGHT DIE OF CANCER. 2740 03:03:20,000 --> 03:03:22,000 SO WE DISMISS THE MUTANT VIRUSES. 2741 03:03:22,000 --> 03:03:24,000 WHAT ABOUT A WHOLE VIRUS INACTIVATED? 2742 03:03:24,000 --> 03:03:29,000 WE WOULD RULE IT OUT BECAUSE THE VIRUS HAS NUCLEIC ACID 2743 03:03:29,000 --> 03:03:32,000 THAT WOULD BE HARD TO PROVE 2744 03:03:32,000 --> 03:03:34,000 WOULD NOT BE DAMAGING TO SOMEONE. 2745 03:03:34,000 --> 03:03:37,000 Narrator: SO AT CENTERS AROUND THE COUNTRY 2746 03:03:37,000 --> 03:03:39,000 SCORES OF SCIENTISTS 2747 03:03:39,000 --> 03:03:41,000 HAVE HAD TO DEVELOP NEW TECHNIQUES 2748 03:03:41,000 --> 03:03:45,000 IN THEIR SEARCH FOR AN AIDS VACCINE. 2749 03:03:45,000 --> 03:03:48,000 THE KEY TO A VACCINE, THEY BELIEVE 2750 03:03:48,000 --> 03:03:53,000 LIES IN USING THE VIRUS'S SPIKY OUTER SHELL-- THE ENVELOPE. 2751 03:03:53,000 --> 03:03:55,000 IT CAN'T HARM THE BODY 2752 03:03:55,000 --> 03:03:58,000 BUT MIGHT INDUCE AN IMMUNE RESPONSE. 2753 03:03:58,000 --> 03:04:00,000 ONE APPROACH TO MANUFACTURING 2754 03:04:00,000 --> 03:04:02,000 THIS EMPTY ENVELOPE FOR EXPERIMENTS 2755 03:04:02,000 --> 03:04:07,000 BEGINS WITH GROWING THE VIRUS ITSELF. 2756 03:04:07,000 --> 03:04:12,000 ERICK 2757 03:04:15,000 --> 03:04:19,000  PRODU THE VIRUS UNDER PROTECTION OF THE INVESTIGATORS. 2758 03:04:19,000 --> 03:04:21,000 INDIVIDUALS HAVE TO ENTER 2759 03:04:21,000 --> 03:04:23,000 THROUGH A LIMITED-ACCESS DOORWAY. 2760 03:04:23,000 --> 03:04:25,000 rjú 2761 03:04:25,000 --> 03:04:28,000 ñ THE AIBALANCE IS SET 2762 03:04:28,000 --> 03:04:32,000 SO THAT IT'S NEGATIVE TO THE REST OF THE BUILDING. 2763 03:04:32,000 --> 03:04:35,000 THE VIRUS IS PROPAGATED INSIDE OF CELLS 2764 03:04:35,000 --> 03:04:39,000  THAT WE KEEP IN A WALK-IN INCUBATOR. 2765 03:04:39,000 --> 03:04:41,000 SINCE WE'VE BEEN IN OPERATION 2766 03:04:41,000 --> 03:04:45,000 WE'VE PRODUCED ABOUT 12,000 LITERS OF VIRUS. 2767 03:04:45,000 --> 03:04:46,000 THAT'S THREE THOUSAND GALLONS. 2768 03:04:46,000 --> 03:04:50,000 A TOTAL OF AROUND A THOUSAND TRILLION VIRUS PARTICLES. 2769 03:04:50,000 --> 03:04:53,000 Narrator: THE VIRUS IS HARVESTED TWICE A WEEK. 2770 03:04:53,000 --> 03:04:57,000 IT'S SEPARATED FROM THE CELLS IN WHICH IT GROWS 2771 03:04:57,000 --> 03:05:01,000 < AND PURIFIED TO EXTRACT THE CRITICAL, SPIKY OUTER SHELL. 2772 03:05:01,000 --> 03:05:05,000 TO ELICIT THE STRONGEST POSSIBLE IMMUNE RESPONSE 2773 03:05:05,000 --> 03:05:08,000 A FEW DROPS OF AN EXPERIMENTAL ENZYME 2774 03:05:08,000 --> 03:05:13,000 ARE ADDED TO THE VIRUS SHELLS, WHICH ARE MADE OF PURE PROTEIN. 2775 03:05:17,000 --> 03:05:22,000 THE MIXTURE IS THEN PLACED IN A DIALYSIS BAG 2776 03:05:22,000 --> 03:05:27,000 WHERE THE TWO SUBSTANCES SLOWLY REACT WITH ONE ANOTHER. 2777 03:05:32,000 --> 03:05:35,000  IF CONDITIONS ARE JUST RIGHT 2778 03:05:35,000 --> 03:05:39,000 THE ENZYME CAUSES THE VIRAL PROTEINS TO CLUMP TOGETHER 2779 03:05:39,000 --> 03:05:41,000 FORMING MINIATURE PARTICLES 2780 03:05:41,000 --> 03:05:43,000 CALLED IMMUNE STIMULATING COMPLEXES, OR "ISCOMS." 2781 03:05:43,000 --> 03:05:46,000 THE HOPE IS THAT THESE ISCOMS 2782 03:05:46,000 --> 03:05:50,000 WILL BE HIGHLY VISIBLE TO THE IMMUNE SYSTEM 2783 03:05:50,000 --> 03:05:55,000 AND INDUCE A DEFENSE AGAINST THE REAL AIDS VIRUS. 2784 03:05:55,000 --> 03:05:58,000 ANOTHER PROMISING APPROACH TO MAKING A VACCINE 2785 03:05:58,000 --> 03:06:02,000  COMES FROM RECOMBINANT DNA TECHNOLOGY. 2786 03:06:02,000 --> 03:06:06,000 THESE TECHNIQUES DO NOT USE THE VIRUS ITSELF. 2787 03:06:06,000 --> 03:06:11,000 INSTEAD, THEY EXTRACT THE GENE THAT MAKES THE VIRAL ENVELOPE. 2788 03:06:11,000 --> 03:06:16,000 THEN THEY PUT THE GENE INTO ANOTHER LIVING CELL 2789 03:06:17,000 --> 03:06:21,000  WHICH ACTS LIKE A FACTORY PRODUCING PURE ENVELOPE PROTEIN. 2790 03:06:21,000 --> 03:06:25,000  LIKE ISCOMS, THESE PROTEINS SHOULD FORTIFY THE IMMUNE SYSTEM 2791 03:06:25,000 --> 03:06:27,000 AGAINST THE VIRUS. 2792 03:06:27,000 --> 03:06:32,000 róT MANUFACTURING A PROTOTYPE VACCINE IS ONLY THE BEGINNING. 2793 03:06:32,000 --> 03:06:33,000 THE FIRST STEP 2794 03:06:33,000 --> 03:06:36,000 IN THE VACCINE IS TO SEE 2795 03:06:36,000 --> 03:06:39,000 WHETHER YOU CAN MAKE IT. 2796 03:06:39,000 --> 03:06:43,000 THE SECOND STEP IS TO PUT IT INTO ANIMALS. 2797 03:06:43,000 --> 03:06:47,000 THERE IS NO OTHER WAY OF TESTING A VACCINE. 2798 03:06:47,000 --> 03:06:48,000 THAT'S IN THE MONKEYS. 2799 03:06:48,000 --> 03:06:51,000 WE FIRST MEASURED WHETHER ANTIBODIES WERE PRODUCED. 2800 03:06:51,000 --> 03:06:53,000 WE STARTED WITH SMALL DOSES 2801 03:06:53,000 --> 03:06:56,000 TO MAKE SURE THE MONKEYS WEREN'T HARMED. 2802 03:06:56,000 --> 03:06:58,000 WE'VE STEPPED UP THE DOSE NOW. 2803 03:06:58,000 --> 03:07:02,000 THIS HAS PRODUCED A GOOD ANTIBODY RESPONSE. 2804 03:07:02,000 --> 03:07:06,000 Narrator: LAB ANIMALS HAVE PRODUCED STRONG ANTIBODIES 2805 03:07:06,000 --> 03:07:08,000 IN RESPONSE TO EXPERIMENTAL VACCINES. 2806 03:07:08,000 --> 03:07:10,000 BUT SCIENTISTS CAN'T TELL 2807 03:07:10,000 --> 03:07:14,000 IF THESE ANTIBODIES CAN PROTECT AGAINST AIDS. 2808 03:07:14,000 --> 03:07:19,000 TO FIND OUT IF THE VACCINE DOES PROVIDE PROTECTION 2809 03:07:25,000 --> 03:07:27,000 rj RESULTS FROM THE FIRST EXPERIMENTS 2810 03:07:27,000 --> 03:07:30,000 WILL BE KNOWN BY MID-WINTER, 1987. 2811 03:07:30,000 --> 03:07:34,000 IF THE CHIMPS STAY HEALTHY AFTER THE INCUBATION PERIOD 2812 03:07:34,000 --> 03:07:38,000 THE VACCINE IS PROTECTING THEM FROM THE DISEASE. 2813 03:07:38,000 --> 03:07:41,000 t OUR PRIMATE RELATIVES 2814 03:07:41,000 --> 03:07:44,000 MAY OFFER ANOTHER RAY OF HOPE. 2815 03:07:44,000 --> 03:07:46,000 THE AFRICAN GREEN MONKEY 2816 03:07:46,000 --> 03:07:49,000 NATURALLY CARRIES A VIRUS VERY SIMILAR TO AIDS. 2817 03:07:49,000 --> 03:07:53,000 THIS MAY BE HOW AIDS BEGAN. 2818 03:07:53,000 --> 03:07:57,000 A CHANCE SCRATCH OR BITE MAY HAVE CAUSED THIS VIRUS 2819 03:07:57,000 --> 03:08:00,000  TO JUMP FROM MONKEY TO MAN 2820 03:08:00,000 --> 03:08:02,000 WHERE IT MUTATED TO AIDS. 2821 03:08:02,000 --> 03:08:05,000 BUT THE AFRICAN GREEN MONKEY NEVER BECOMES ILL. 2822 03:08:05,000 --> 03:08:08,000 THIS SPARKED A NEW INQUIRY 2823 03:08:08,000 --> 03:08:11,000 B RESEARCHERS MYRON ESSEX AND PHYLLIS KANKI 2824 03:08:11,000 --> 03:08:14,000 OF THE HARVARD SCHOOL OF PUBLIC HEALTH. 2825 03:08:14,000 --> 03:08:18,000 THEY WONDERED IF A BENIGN FORM OF AIDS 2826 03:08:18,000 --> 03:08:20,000 COULD EXIST IN PEOPLE. 2827 03:08:20,000 --> 03:08:25,000 THEY BEGAN THEIR SEARCN IN WEST AFRICA. 2828 03:08:26,000 --> 03:08:29,000 THERE THEY TOOK BLOOD SAMPLES FROM PROSTITUTES 2829 03:08:29,000 --> 03:08:32,000 WHOM THEY SUSPECTED MIGHT HAVE BEEN EXPOSED TO AIDS. 2830 03:08:32,000 --> 03:08:36,000 THEY FOUND THEIR HUNCH HAD BEEN CORRECT. 2831 03:08:36,000 --> 03:08:39,000 THEY HAD DISCOVERED A NEW VIRUS 2832 03:08:39,000 --> 03:08:44,000 A CLOSE RELATIVE OF THE AIDS VIRUS CALLED HTLV IV. 2833 03:08:44,000 --> 03:08:49,000 LIKE THE GREEN MONKEY VIRUS, IT INFECTS T-CELLS-- 2834 03:08:57,000 --> 03:08:59,000 jjjrrr THE MOST IMPORTANT THING 2835 03:08:59,000 --> 03:09:01,000 IS THAT THESE PEOPLE 2836 03:09:01,000 --> 03:09:03,000 ARE APPARENTLY HEALTHY. 2837 03:09:03,000 --> 03:09:07,000 THERE HASN'T BEEN AIDS OR RELATED CLINICAL SYNDROMES 2838 03:09:07,000 --> 03:09:10,000 IN THIS REGION OF AFRICA. 2839 03:09:10,000 --> 03:09:14,000 IT'S POSSIBLE THAT THE VIRUS DOES NOT CAUSE DISEASE 2840 03:09:14,000 --> 03:09:18,000 AS READILY AS THE PROTOTYPE AIDS VIRUS DOES. 2841 03:09:18,000 --> 03:09:19,000 Narrator: RESEARCHERS ARE EXPERIMENTING 2842 03:09:19,000 --> 03:09:21,000 WITH THIS NEW VIRUS 2843 03:09:21,000 --> 03:09:24,000 COMPARING IT TO AIDS. 2844 03:09:24,000 --> 03:09:26,000 THE DIFFERENCES BETWEEN THE VIRUSES 2845 03:09:26,000 --> 03:09:30,000  IN STRUCTURE AND BEHAVIOR MAY GIVE THEM VALUABLE INSIGHT 2846 03:09:30,000 --> 03:09:34,000 INTO STRATEGIES FOR TREATMENT AND VACCINE DEVELOPMENT. 2847 03:09:34,000 --> 03:09:36,000 BUT DESPITE THE ADVANCES 2848 03:09:36,000 --> 03:09:39,000  TASKILL CONTINUE TO BE DIFFICUL 2849 03:09:39,000 --> 03:09:44,000 THE AI VIRUS MUTATES, AND CAN THUS EVADE THE BODY'S DEFENSES. 2850 03:09:45,000 --> 03:09:50,000 THE PROTEIN SPIKES ARE WHAT COUNT IN THE IMMUNE RESPONSE. 2851 03:09:51,000 --> 03:09:55,000 KEY POINTS ON THE SURFACE OF THESE PROTEINS 2852 03:09:55,000 --> 03:09:57,000 ARE RECOGNIZED BY THE ANTIBODIES. 2853 03:09:57,000 --> 03:10:01,000 SO, AN EXTREMELY SMALL MUTATION IN THE VIRUS 2854 03:10:01,000 --> 03:10:05,000 CAN DEFEAT ANTIBODIES PRODUCED NATURALLY AND BY A VACCINE. 2855 03:10:05,000 --> 03:10:08,000 ANTIBODIES MADTO THE OLD CONFIGURATION 2856 03:10:08,000 --> 03:10:10,000 WILL NO LONGER BIND 2857 03:10:10,000 --> 03:10:14,000 AND THE VIRUS CAN STAY AHEAD OF THE IUNE SYSTEM. 2858 03:10:14,000 --> 03:10:16,000 THE MAJOR HEADACHE 2859 03:10:16,000 --> 03:10:20,000 WOULD BE THAT THE VIRUS MAY HAVE DIFFERENT TYPES. 2860 03:10:20,000 --> 03:10:23,000 YOU MAY HAVE ONE TYPE IN NEW YORK 2861 03:10:23,000 --> 03:10:25,000 AND ANOTHER IN SAN FRANCISCO. 2862 03:10:25,000 --> 03:10:29,000 IT IS ALREADY KNOWN THERE ARE GENETIC DIFFERENCES 2863 03:10:29,000 --> 03:10:31,000 IN THE STRUCTURE OF THESE VIRUSES. 2864 03:10:31,000 --> 03:10:34,000 BUT WE DON'T KNOW WHETHER THAT MEANS 2865 03:10:34,000 --> 03:10:37,000 THAT THE ANTIGENS OF THE VIRUS-- 2866 03:10:37,000 --> 03:10:39,000 THE MOLECULES THAT PRODUCE THE IMMUNITY-- 2867 03:10:39,000 --> 03:10:43,000 WE DON'T KNOW WHETHER THEY'RE DIFFERENT OR NOT. 2868 03:10:43,000 --> 03:10:48,000 GENERALLY, THEY ARE THE SAME, OF THE SAME STRUCTURE AND SIZE 2869 03:10:48,000 --> 03:10:51,000  BUT SMALL DIFFERENCES MIGHT MAKE A DIFFERENCE. 2870 03:10:51,000 --> 03:10:54,000 AND THIS DOES HAPPEN IN VIRUSES. 2871 03:10:54,000 --> 03:10:56,000 SOME HAVE MANY DIFFERENT TYPES. 2872 03:10:56,000 --> 03:10:59,000 THERE ARE SO MANY COMMON COLD VIRUSES 2873 03:10:59,000 --> 03:11:03,000 THAT IT'S NOT POSSIBLE TO MAKE A VACCINE. 2874 03:11:03,000 --> 03:11:08,000 RABIES HAS ONLY ONE TYPE SO IT'S EASY TO MAKE A VACCINE. 2875 03:11:09,000 --> 03:11:14,000 WE DON'T KNOW WHERE AIDS LIES. 2876 03:11:15,000 --> 03:11:19,000 Narrator: AND THERE'S YET ANOTHER OBSTACLE. 2877 03:11:19,000 --> 03:11:23,000 THE AIDS VIRUS MIGHT EVADE A VACCINE ENTIRELY 2878 03:11:23,000 --> 03:11:27,000 BY ENTERING THE BODY ALREADY ENCAPSULATED IN A CELL. 2879 03:11:27,000 --> 03:11:31,000 THIS FOREIGN CELL WOULD BE ENGULFED BY THE IMMUNE SYSTEM 2880 03:11:31,000 --> 03:11:36,000 ALLOWING THE AIDS VIRUS TO PASS FROM ONE CELL TO ANOTHER 2881 03:11:36,000 --> 03:11:38,000 UNDETECTED BY ANTIBODIES IN THE BLOOD. 2882 03:11:38,000 --> 03:11:40,000 THESE ARE HYPOTHETICAL QUESTIONS 2883 03:11:40,000 --> 03:11:44,000  AND WE DON'T KNOW THE ANSWER TO THEM. 2884 03:11:44,000 --> 03:11:47,000 WE'VE GOT TO MAKE THE VACCINES. 2885 03:11:47,000 --> 03:11:52,000 IT WAS THOUGHT TO BE A DAUNTING PROSPECT IN CAT LEUKEMIA 2886 03:11:53,000 --> 03:11:57,000 WHERE THERE ARE SEVERAL FORMS OF THE VIRUS 2887 03:11:57,000 --> 03:12:02,000 BUT ONE VACCINE PROTECTS AGAINST ALL THE DIFFERENT TYPES. 2888 03:12:02,000 --> 03:12:04,000 PROGRESS IN UNDERSTANDING AIDS 2889 03:12:04,000 --> 03:12:05,000 AND ITS MECHANISMS 2890 03:12:05,000 --> 03:12:07,000 HAS GONE EXTREMELY RAPIDLY. 2891 03:12:07,000 --> 03:12:10,000 WE'VE BUILT UPON A BODA OF KNOWLEDGE 2892 03:12:10,000 --> 03:12:14,000 WE HAD ACCUMULATED FROM OTHER STUDIES OF RETROVIRUSES 2893 03:12:14,000 --> 03:12:15,000 AND USED THAT KNOWLEDGE. 2894 03:12:15,000 --> 03:12:19,000 WE NOW ARE T THE POINT WE ARE 2895 03:12:19,000 --> 03:12:22,000 WITH ANY RETROVIRUS AND BEYOND THAT. 2896 03:12:22,000 --> 03:12:27,000 THIS VIRUS IS DOING THINGS THAT BIOLOGY HAS NEVER SEEN. 2897 03:12:27,000 --> 03:12:31,000 I THINK WHAT WeWILL LEARN FROM THIS VIRUS 2898 03:12:31,000 --> 03:12:36,000 ú WILL HELP NOT ONLY AIDS BUT MANY OTHER DISEASES-- 2899 03:12:36,000 --> 03:12:39,000 LEUKEMIA AND OTHER CHRONIC HUMAN DISEASES. 2900 03:12:39,000 --> 03:12:42,000 Narrator: IF AIDS WERE ALMOST ANY OTHER DISEASE 2901 03:12:42,000 --> 03:12:45,000 THE LEVEL OF SCIENTIFIC UNDERSTANDING 2902 03:12:45,000 --> 03:12:47,000 ACHIEVED SO FAR WOULD BE CONSIDERED REMARKABLE. 2903 03:12:47,000 --> 03:12:52,000 BUT WITH THE NUMBEOF NEW CASES UBLING EVERY EIGHT MONTHS 2904 03:12:53,000 --> 03:12:57,000  AND EXTENDING BEYOND THE INITIAL RISK GROUPS 2905 03:12:57,000 --> 03:13:00,000  THERE'S A HEIGHTENED SENSE OF URGENCY 2906 03:13:00,000 --> 03:13:04,000 AND EFFORTS TO OVERCOME THE VIRUS ARE INTENSIFYING. 2907 03:13:04,000 --> 03:13:08,000 YET THE SCIENTISTS ARE PAINFULLY AWARE OF THEIR LIMITS. 2908 03:13:08,000 --> 03:13:11,000 Haseltine: WE'RE USUALLY CONFIDENT 2909 03:13:11,000 --> 03:13:13,000 OF OUR ABILITY TO SOLVE PROBLEMS. 2910 03:13:13,000 --> 03:13:17,000 THAT'S GIVEN US A SENSE OF COMFORT IN THIS DISEASE 2911 03:13:17,000 --> 03:13:20,000 AND IT'S A FALSE SENSE OF COMFORT. 2912 03:13:20,000 --> 03:13:24,000 WE WHO WORK WITH THE FUNDAMENTAL ASPECTS OF THIS VIRUS 2913 03:13:24,000 --> 03:13:28,000 ú KNOW HOW FAR AWAY WE ARE FROM UNDERSTANDING ITS WORKINGS 2914 03:13:28,000 --> 03:13:31,000 UNDERSTANDING HOW IT CAUSES THE DISEASES 2915 03:13:31,000 --> 03:13:34,000 AND SOME ASPECTS OF HOW IT'S TRANSMITTED. 2916 03:13:34,000 --> 03:13:37,000 WE HAVE MANY AREAS OF UNCERTAINTY. 2917 03:13:37,000 --> 03:13:42,000 ALTHOUGH THERE IS SOME HOPE FOR DRUGS AND FOR VACCINES 2918 03:13:42,000 --> 03:13:45,000 WE CAN'T PREDICT WHEN AND IF 2919 03:13:45,000 --> 03:13:49,000 WE CAN SLOW THE SPREAD OF THE DISEASE 2920 03:13:49,000 --> 03:13:54,000 OR EVEN STOP THE DECLINE ONCE THE DISEASE BEGINS. 2921 03:13:54,000 --> 03:13:56,000 ú Narrator: IN THE ABSENCE OF A MEDICAL SOLUTION 2922 03:13:56,000 --> 03:13:58,000 THE ONLY CERTAIN WAY 2923 03:13:58,000 --> 03:14:03,000 TO HALT THE SPREAD OF AIDS IS TO DISCOURAGE THE BEHAVIORS 2924 03:14:03,000 --> 03:14:06,000 THAT PLACE PEOPLE AT RISK. 2925 03:14:06,000 --> 03:14:08,000 THIS WILL REQUIRE LARGE-SCALE EDUCATION. 2926 03:14:08,000 --> 03:14:12,000 A MODEL FOR THE EFFECTIVENESS OF PUBLIC EDUCATION 2927 03:14:12,000 --> 03:14:14,000 IS SAN FRANCISCO 2928 03:14:14,000 --> 03:14:18,000 WHERE THE AIDS EPIDEMIC WAS FIRST SEEN AMONG HOMOSEXUAL MEN. 2929 03:14:18,000 --> 03:14:21,000 HERE, A DETERMINED EFFORT HAS BEEN MADE 2930 03:14:21,000 --> 03:14:26,000 TO TEACH PEOPLE ABOU THE DANGER FROM THE VIRUS. 2931 03:14:28,000 --> 03:14:31,000 SAN FRANCISCO IS ALSO WHERES 2932 03:14:31,000 --> 03:14:33,000 FOR THE LONGEST TIME. 2933 03:14:33,000 --> 03:14:34,000 ONE OF THE STUDIES 2934 03:14:34,000 --> 03:14:38,000 B BY EPIDEMIOLOGI, ANDREW MOSS. 2935 03:14:38,000 --> 03:14:42,000 WHEN WE BEGAN WORKING ON AIDS IN 1982 2936 03:14:42,000 --> 03:14:47,000 THE FIRST THING WE DID WAS A STUDY IN THIS NEIGHBORHOOD. 2937 03:14:47,000 --> 03:14:49,000 AND WE FOUND OUT THAT 2938 03:14:49,000 --> 03:14:54,000 ABOUT ONE IN 300 GAY MEN LIVING WITHIN A MILE OF HERE HAD AIDS. 2939 03:14:59,000 --> 03:15:04,000 rrator: IN THIS AREA OF SAN FRANCISCO WELL OVER HALF OF THE GAY MENj 2940 03:15:04,000 --> 03:15:07,000 ARE NOW INFECTED WITH THE AIDS VIRUS-- 2941 03:15:07,000 --> 03:15:11,000 AND THIS HAS MADE THEM ESPECIALLY COOPERATIVE. 2942 03:15:11,000 --> 03:15:14,000 Moss: THE PARTICIPATION RATE WAS AMAZING. 2943 03:15:14,000 --> 03:15:18,000 IT'S BECAUSE THE GAY MEN WHO LIVED HERE 2944 03:15:18,000 --> 03:15:20,000 WANTED THE DISEASE TO BE UNDERSTOOD 2945 03:15:20,000 --> 03:15:24,000 AND CURES FOUND AND SO FORTH. 2946 03:15:24,000 --> 03:15:27,000 Narrator: THEIR DETERMINATION TO FIGHT AIDS 2947 03:15:27,000 --> 03:15:29,000 LED TO A MASSIVE EDUCATIONAL CAMPAIGN. 2948 03:15:29,000 --> 03:15:34,000 THEY WERE INFORMED HOW AIDS IS SPREAD 2949 03:15:35,000 --> 03:15:40,000 x THE MESSAGE: PREVENT AIDS BY CHANGING SEXUAL BEHAVIOR. 2950 03:15:43,000 --> 03:15:48,000 ú THE ENTIRE CITY WAS PUT ON ALERT 2951 03:15:48,000 --> 03:15:52,000 AND THE EFFORT CONTINUES TODAY. 2952 03:15:52,000 --> 03:15:57,000 THIS MAN'S LOVER DIED OF AIDS FOUR YEARS AGO. 2953 03:15:57,000 --> 03:16:00,000 SINCE EN, HE'S BEEN PARTICIPATING IN A STUDY 2954 03:16:00,000 --> 03:16:02,000 THAT MONITORS THE DISEASE. 2955 03:16:02,000 --> 03:16:06,000 THE SCIENTISTSRE TRYING TO CHART ITS COURSE 2956 03:16:06,000 --> 03:16:09,000 AND SEE IF EDUCATION MADE A DIFFERENCE. 2957 03:16:09,000 --> 03:16:13,000 Man: WHEN THIS STARTED THERE WAS NO INFORMATION ON AIDS. 2958 03:16:13,000 --> 03:16:16,000 AND WHEN HE WAS DYING 2959 03:16:16,000 --> 03:16:20,000 HE HAD ASKED ME TO GET INVOLVED IN THIS PROGRAM. 2960 03:16:20,000 --> 03:16:24,000 Narrator: EVERY YEAR, A FEW DAYS BEFORE CHRISTMAS 2961 03:16:24,000 --> 03:16:26,000 HE ARRIVES AT THE AIDS CLINIC 2962 03:16:26,000 --> 03:16:30,000 TO BECOME A VITAL STATISTIC IN THE SURVEY. 2963 03:16:30,000 --> 03:16:35,000 Doctor: I'D LIKE YOU TO LIFT YOUR TONGUE UP TO THE TOP OF YOUR MOUTH. 2964 03:16:37,000 --> 03:16:40,000 GOOD, AND STICK YOUR TONGUE WAY OUT. 2965 03:16:40,000 --> 03:16:42,000 Narrator: THE MEDICAL EXAMINATION 2966 03:16:42,000 --> 03:16:44,000 IS ONLY THE BEGINNING. 2967 03:16:44,000 --> 03:16:46,000 LUNTEERS ARE ALSO ASKED 2968 03:16:46,000 --> 03:16:50,000 ñ TO REVL THE HISTORY OF TIR SEX LIFE; 2969 03:16:50,000 --> 03:16:55,000 WHAT THEY DID, WITH WHOM, HOW OFTEN AND WITH WHAT PROTECTION. 2970 03:16:57,000 --> 03:16:59,000 jr WELL, A FEW YEARS AGO 2971 03:16:59,000 --> 03:17:03,000 I USED TO GO THE BATHS. 2972 03:17:03,000 --> 03:17:06,000 I USED TO MEET MEN ON THE BUSES 2973 03:17:06,000 --> 03:17:09,000 AND ON THE STREET AND STUFF. 2974 03:17:09,000 --> 03:17:13,000 AND EVINCE INFORMIO AIDS CAME OUT-- 2975 03:17:13,000 --> 03:17:18,000 r  HADEWjHAVEIED OM A- 2976 03:17:33,000 --> 03:17:38,000 jrjjj ERjALLY OPING AT SjrrrrG 2977 03:17:45,000 --> 03:17:47,000 rr UCSE RESTRjHAVEIED OM A- ME THEREARESIGNSj 2978 03:17:47,000 --> 03:17:51,000 THAT EDUCATION HAS SLOWED THE SPREAD OF THE VIRUS. 2979 03:17:51,000 --> 03:17:53,000 WE SEE A FLATTENING OUT. 2980 03:17:53,000 --> 03:17:54,000 ú AFTER FOUR YEARS 2981 03:17:54,000 --> 03:17:56,000 OF NUMBERS GOING LIKE THIS 2982 03:17:56,000 --> 03:17:59,000 NUMBERS ARE GOING LIKE TS. 2983 03:17:59,000 --> 03:18:04,000 WE'VE SEEN ABOUT 60 CASES OF AIDS A MONTH IN SAN FRANCISCO 2984 03:18:04,000 --> 03:18:06,000 FOR THE LAST YEAR. 2985 03:18:06,000 --> 03:18:10,000 I THINK THIS REFLECTS A MAJOR CHANGE IN SEXUAL BEHAVIOR 2986 03:18:10,000 --> 03:18:13,000 AMONGST GAY MEN IN SAN FRANCISCO 2987 03:18:13,000 --> 03:18:15,000 BEGINNING THREE OR FOUR YEARS AGO. 2988 03:18:15,000 --> 03:18:20,000 WE'RE SEEING THE RESULTS OF THAT IN THE INCIDENCE DATA. 2989 03:18:20,000 --> 03:18:23,000 BUT I WANT TO MAKE A CAVEAT. 2990 03:18:23,000 --> 03:18:28,000 WHAT WE SEE, IS JUSTIDS AS IT HAS BEEN DEFINED 2991 03:18:28,000 --> 03:18:30,000 FOR THE LAST FOUR YEARS. 2992 03:18:30,000 --> 03:18:32,000 AIDS IS A RETROVIRUS 2993 03:18:32,000 --> 03:18:34,000 AND RETROVIRUSES CAN HAVE LIFELONG MANIFESTATIONS. 2994 03:18:34,000 --> 03:18:37,000 IT'S POSSIBLE THAT WHAT'S FLATTENING OUT 2995 03:18:37,000 --> 03:18:40,000 IS JUST THE EARLY MANIFESTATIONS OF THE VIRUS 2996 03:18:40,000 --> 03:18:43,000 AND WE'LL SEE NEW MANIFESTATIONS LATER. 2997 03:18:43,000 --> 03:18:46,000 IT'S BEEN SUGGESTED THAT PRIMARY NUROLOGICAL AIDS 2998 03:18:46,000 --> 03:18:48,000 OR PERHAPS A KIND OF LYMPHOMA 2999 03:18:48,000 --> 03:18:52,000 MY BE DIAGNOSES THAT WE'LL SEE MORE OF. 3000 03:18:52,000 --> 03:18:54,000 SO, WE WANT TO BE CAUTIOUS. 3001 03:18:54,000 --> 03:18:58,000 Narrator: SCIENTISTS WILL CONTINUE THEIR SEARCH FOR A VACCINE 3002 03:18:58,000 --> 03:19:00,000 AND A CURE FOR AIDS. 3003 03:19:00,000 --> 03:19:04,000 BUT FOR NOW, THE ANSWER LIES IN PREVENTION. 3004 03:19:04,000 --> 03:19:09,000 FOR SOME INDIVIDUALS, THAT WILL MEAN CHANGES IN BEHAVIOR. 3005 03:19:09,000 --> 03:19:12,000 FOR SOCIETY, IT WILL MEAN GUARANTEEING 3006 03:19:12,000 --> 03:19:16,000 THAT EDUCATIONAL EFFORTS TAKE PLACE. 3007 03:19:16,000 --> 03:19:19,000 THEN, JUST POSSIBLY, AIDS CAN BE STOPPED. 3008 03:19:19,000 --> 03:19:24,000 ♪ CHRIST, THE LORD. 3009 03:19:27,000 --> 03:19:30,000 Wofsey: MASS EDUCATION HAS TO HAPPEN. 3010 03:19:30,000 --> 03:19:34,000 MORE IMPORTANTLY, PEOPLE HAVE TO HEAR IT 3011 03:19:34,000 --> 03:19:37,000 REALIZE THAT THE PROBLEM IS A SMALL ONE 3012 03:19:37,000 --> 03:19:39,000 PROBABLY WITH FEW PEOPLE 3013 03:19:39,000 --> 03:19:44,000 BUT THAT THAT SMALL PROBLEM WITH SMALL NUMBERS 3014 03:19:44,000 --> 03:19:49,000 AFFECTS, DIRECTLY OR INDIRECTLY, ALMOST EVERYONE. 3015 03:20:14,000 --> 03:20:19,000 CAPTIONED BY THE CAPTION CENTER WGBH EDUCATIONAL FOUNDATION 3016 03:21:47,000 --> 03:21:52,000  MAJOR FUNDING FOR NOVA IS PROVIDED BY: 3017 03:21:53,000 --> 03:21:55,000 AND BY ALLIED SIGNAL 3018 03:21:55,000 --> 03:21:58,000 A TECHNOLOGY LEADER IN AEROSPACE, ELECTRONICS 3019 03:21:58,000 --> 03:22:03,000 AUTOMOTIVE PRODUCTS, AND ENGINEERED MATERIALS. 3020 03:22:08,000 --> 03:22:11,000 SUPPLYING HEALTH CARE PRODUCTS WORLDWIDE.